Dignita

Human Trafficking

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When Children Disappear in the System: A Glimpse into Child Trafficking

Institutional Trainings to Counter Labour Trafficking: Building Capacity for Prevention and Victim Identification

New Data from Eurostat on Human Trafficking in the European Union

Vulnerability and Risk Factors for Human Trafficking Among Ukrainian Refugees in Bulgaria

Risks for Bulgarian Migrants in the Netherlands

Are Ukrainian Refugees in the EU Protected from Labor Exploitation?

Directive 2024/1760: The European Union Takes Action to Protect Workers’ Rights

Empowering Ukrainian Refugee Women: The 10th Women’s Circle for Integration and Protection from Human Trafficking

Dignita Foundation’s Child Rights Protection Policy

“Dignita” Presents Two Studies on Gender-Based Violence in Segregated Roma Communities

Dignita Foundation contributed to recommendations from the UN Special Rapporteur for State Policies Against Exploitation in Prostitution

World Day Against Trafficking in Persons 2024: “Leave No Child Trapped in Trafficking”

Dignita Foundation Conducts Advisory Women’s Circles in Varna

Updated Directive 2011/36/EU is Preventing and Combating Human Trafficking and Protecting Victims

Dignita Conducts a Risk Assessment on Human Trafficking Among Ukrainian Refugees as Part of the ERADICATING II Project

Consultative Women’s Circles Within the ERADICATING II Project to Support the Integration of Ukrainian Refugees

Roundtable on Empowering Health Mediators and Women from Roma Communities Against Violence and Trafficking

Presentation of a Support Program for Trafficking Victims to Crisis Centers and Social Assistance Directorates Nationwide

“Krachunova v. Bulgaria” – Landmark ECHR Case for Trafficking Victims’ Rights, Supported by Dignita

Training for Health Mediators on Recognizing Gender-Based Violence and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation

Analysis of Compensation Models for Victims of Human Trafficking in Bulgaria

Dignita’s Analysis of Risky Job Listings for Ukrainian Refugees in Bulgaria

Empowering Women’s Circle by Dignita Supports Ukrainian Refugees in Varna

Dignita’s Statement on Amendments to the Domestic Violence Protection Act

Round Table on “Prevention of Human Trafficking Among Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria”

Presentation of a Precedent-Setting Case for Trafficking Victims at the ECHR – Dignita’s Participation in a Council of Europe Conference

Dignita Develops Analysis on Human Trafficking Risks for Ukrainian Refugees in Europe

Natasha Dobreva Wins Court Case for Access to CACIAF Information in Human Trafficking Case

Women’s Circles in Varna and Sofia: Labor Rights and Protection from Exploitation for Ukrainian Refugee Women

Empowering Ukrainian Refugee Women in Varna Against Trafficking and Violence

Employers Open Doors for Ukrainian Refugees with New Opportunities for Labor Integration and Protection

Dignita Holds Empowerment Circles for Ukrainian Refugee Women and Prepares Analytical Report

Constitutional Court Reviews Penal Code’s Impact on Trafficking Victims

EU Introduces Special Anti-Trafficking Plan for Ukrainian Refugees in Europe

Sofia Court Denies Compensation for Human Trafficking Damages Due to Moral Presumption

Dignita Report Examines Trafficking Risks Among Sex Workers in Northwestern Bulgaria

Dignita Informs Sex Workers About the Risks of Trafficking and Exploitation

Dignita Expands its Cooperation in the International Fight Against Human Trafficking

Legal Assistance for a Victim of Human Trafficking at the European Court of Human Rights

Program to Support Sex Workers in Protecting Against Trafficking and Exploitation

Dignita Works with Women from the Village of Galiche to Recognize Gender-Based Violence

Dignita Empowers Girls in the Village of Galiche to Recognize Gender-Based Violence

Challenges in the Fight Against Human Trafficking in the Context of the Global Pandemic, Discussed with the Ambassador of Switzerland in Bulgaria

The Impact of the Covid-19 on Trafficking Victims and Individuals with Drug Addictions

Child trafficking remains a serious but often invisible issue, both globally and nationally. In Bulgaria, approximately 10% of all identified victims of trafficking are children. We continue to function as a country of origin and as a transit and destination point. Despite institutional efforts, the challenges to effective prevention and protection remain significant.



In response to this alarming trend, on June 3rd, 2025, the Center for the Study of Democracy launched the European initiative <a href="https://csd.eu/events/event/innovative-strategies-for-preventing-and-combating-child-trafficking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SafeBorders: Strengthening Judicial Expertise and Frontline Support to Combat Child Trafficking</a>, bringing together public institutions, international partners, and civil society organizations.



Ms. Kamelia Dimitrova, Executive Director of Dignita Foundation, joined the event as a speaker, presenting key data and analysis on child trafficking trends, the main obstacles to identifying and protecting victims, and our prevention work with one of the most vulnerable groups – children placed in residential care.



What the Numbers Say



Globally, child trafficking is on the rise. According to <a href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/glotip.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNODC (2024)</a>, between 2019 and 2022, the number of registered child victims increased by 31%. In 2022, children made up 38% of all identified trafficking victims worldwide. Girls are most often trafficked for sexual exploitation, while boys are primarily subjected to forced labor and criminal activity. In Europe, there has been a notable increase in the trafficking of boys, particularly among unaccompanied minors.



In the European Union, data from the European Commission shows that one in five identified trafficking victims in 2021–2022 was a child. Most of these children are EU citizens exploited within their own countries often through sexual violence, forced begging, or criminal exploitation. Eurostat reports that in 2023, children accounted for 13% of all registered trafficking victims in the EU, a figure that demands urgent attention from member states.



At the national level, Bulgaria is no exception. In 2023, 12 children were formally identified as trafficking victims. The State Agency for Child Protection worked on 27 cases involving 38 children &#8211; mostly girls. Many of them had been returned from countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and Austria. Children in institutions, those without parental care, and those from marginalized and Roma communities are among the most at risk.



What Experts Recommend



An effective response to child trafficking requires a long-term, systemic approach that goes beyond reactive measures. First and foremost, strong mechanisms for early identification are essential. This includes trained professionals, coordinated interagency work, and sensitivity to risk factors. The justice system must also ensure that trafficked children are never held responsible for actions committed under coercion. Meanwhile, online risks must be addressed with clear commitments from digital platforms and educational initiatives targeting children and their families.



What We Do at Dignita



Dignita Foundation’s prevention work focuses on those most often overlooked &#8211; young people without parental support, children in institutions or residential care, Roma communities, unaccompanied minors, Ukrainian refugees, and women in prostitution. We work directly in the field through empowerment-based sessions that help participants recognize violence, trafficking, and online risks.



In 2025, we are launching a new initiative with the support of the Bulgarian Fund for Women, which will allow us to work directly with children placed in family-type residential centers in Sofia. As part of the project, we will conduct training for directors and staff from these care centers to improve understanding of trafficking risks and prevention strategies. In parallel, we will launch a mentorship program with the children focusing on skills like self-protection, independence, and informed decision-making, to help them stay out of the hands of traffickers.

Dignita Foundation, in partnership with the Center for Study of Democracy, organized two specialized anti-trafficking trainings for frontline professionals, labour inspectors, and law enforcement officers in Sofia and Arbanasi. The sessions focused on strengthening institutional response to human trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation which is a growing concern across Europe. 



In a time when labour trafficking cases are on the rise, particularly across the EU, the need for effective and coordinated institutional action has never been more urgent. According to Eurostat data from 2023, a total of 10,793 victims of trafficking were registered across the EU (a 6.9% increase from 2022, and the highest recorded number since 2008). <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Trafficking_in_human_beings" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read the full Eurostat report.</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Strengthening Institutional Capacity to Address Trafficking in Human Beings</h2>



Over 80 participants from across Bulgaria took part in the training events. These included experts from:



<ul>
<li>Ministry of Interior:
<ul>
<li>General Directorate of Border Police</li>



<li>General Directorate for Combatting Organised Crime</li>



<li>General Directorate National Police</li>



<li>Migration Directorate</li>



<li>Regional Police Departments</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>National Investigation Service</li>



<li>State Agency for National Security (SANS)</li>



<li>Executive Agency General Labour Inspectorate and its regional offices</li>



<li>Social Assistance Agency and its local branches</li>



<li>NGOs and humanitarian organizations working with vulnerable communities</li>
</ul>



The training created space for shared learning and practical guidance on how to better identify trafficking risks, apply victim-centred approaches, and strengthen multi-agency coordination. This investment in institutional knowledge directly improves early detection and the overall protection framework for victims.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tackling the Real-World Challenges of Trafficking Prevention</h2>



The training programme offered a comprehensive and interactive approach combining expert presentations, case-based group work, and peer exchange. The sessions covered real challenges on the ground and highlighted how national and international actors can cooperate more effectively.



Key topics addressed included:



<ul>
<li>The legal framework and barriers to effective enforcement</li>



<li>Specific risks for Ukrainian refugees and third-country nationals</li>



<li>Victim-centred and trauma-informed approaches</li>



<li>International cooperation and promising practices</li>



<li>Digital forensics and financial investigations</li>



<li>Asset recovery and confiscation of criminal proceeds</li>



<li>Referral and coordination mechanisms</li>



<li>Available support services for victims</li>
</ul>



🗂️ Access the <a class="" href="https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/1-W4klDg4pD1qHuDPMIBPb_ZKIcpcuPPt">Training Presentations on Google Drive</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Part of a Long-Term Strategy for Sustainable Change</h2>



For Dignita Foundation, these trainings are not isolated events but part of a comprehensive approach to building sustainable institutional capacity in Bulgaria. As part of the system for prevention and counteraction of human trafficking, Dignita works in close cooperation with institutions and organizations at all levels through advocacy, analysis, policy consulting, and participation in legislative processes



The fight against trafficking has no end date. It demands long-term commitment, multi-sector cooperation, and persistent efforts at all levels of society. These training sessions were part of the <a href="https://www.eradicating2project.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ERADICATING II Project – Enhancing Prevention and Multi-Agency Cooperation Against Labour Trafficking</a> &#8211; Enhancing Prevention and Multi-Agency Cooperation Against Labour Trafficking, a Europe-wide initiative aimed at improving prevention and institutional coordination.

For most of us, “human trafficking” sounds like something distant — but for thousands of people in Europe, it’s a reality that often begins with a single misstep. On April 3, 2025<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Trafficking_in_human_beings_statistics" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">, Eurostat published its latest data on human trafficking</a>, covering the year 2023 and highlighting important trends. According to the data, 10,793 victims of human trafficking were registered — the highest number recorded between 2008 and 2023. While this number may seem alarming, it may also indicate improved recognition and identification of trafficking cases, with more victims reaching protection systems. A significant number of cases, however, remain undetected.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Increasing Labor Exploitation</h3>



Historically, sexual exploitation has been the leading form of trafficking in Europe. But in recent years, the share of labor exploitation has risen significantly.



<img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdYaKfF9AH-otPah8sz6-EtKE445TpbI91rvSUq8L0MuauJ3fTM9iUMu8IApIitOZ4vAWwWfrVPN98FoLl_NYxQ--N3aKoB5Tlg471SzyuMLhNnDUhu1eT7lAD-i-PFfi6ikAwuCA?key=3NyDaxPtn0usUs0w9mUM0Hs7" width="602" height="339">



The war in Ukraine has further contributed to this trend, forcing nearly 10 million people to seek a new life outside their country — often placing them at risk of exploitation. Many accept unsafe working conditions: without contracts, protection, or any real option to file a complaint. When people lack access to reliable information and legitimate employment, the risk of exploitation becomes real — and it often starts with a job &#8220;based on trust&#8221;, unpaid hours, or a missing contract.



At Dignita, we have been working with Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria since 2022, raising awareness about the risks of labor exploitation through our <a href="https://www.dignita.bg/news/empowering-ukrainian-refugee-women-sofia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Women’s Circles initiative</a>, which offers a safe space for women to talk about their social integration. In 2024, we conducted an<a href="https://www.dignita.bg/news/ukrainian-refugees-eu-labor-exploitation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> in-depth study</a> as part of the<a href="https://www.eradicating2project.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Eradicating II project</a>. For many Ukrainians arriving in EU countries, finding work is a top priority. However, financial instability and limited resources often force them to compromise on pay, working conditions, and even their safety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Women Remain the Most Vulnerable</h3>



63% of registered trafficking victims in the EU in 2023 were women and girls, most of whom were trafficked for sexual exploitation. This represents a slight increase compared to 2022 (62.8%). Sexual exploitation has long been considered one of the most extreme forms of gender-based violence.



According to the European Commission and the International Organization for Migration, the trafficking of women is closely linked to gender inequality and often masked as “voluntary” work in low-protection sectors — such as domestic care, hospitality, or sex work. Even in the absence of overt violence, the lack of legal protection and social support leaves women in vulnerable, dependent situations that easily become exploitative.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Victims Are Not Only “Foreigners”</h3>



Contrary to common belief, victims of human trafficking are not necessarily migrants or people who cross borders. In 2023, one in four trafficking victims in the EU was a citizen of the reporting country — and in Bulgaria, this share is even higher: nearly all registered victims were Bulgarian nationals.



This shows that vulnerability is not defined by nationality, but by social and economic conditions. Factors such as poverty, lack of education, restricted access to the labor market, and isolation from public services create environments where trafficking thrives — even without border crossing. This is especially true for marginalized communities, where mistrust in institutions, lack of legal awareness, and limited information enable exploitation to go unchecked. Many people don’t know their rights, don’t recognize when they’re being violated, and rarely know where to turn for help.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What Comes Next?</h3>



Human trafficking often seems like a problem beyond our control. But in reality, there are many ways to be part of the solution — through awareness, solidarity, and the willingness to speak up when we see something wrong. At Dignita, we believe that change comes from communities that refuse to look away. This is how we work: with trust, with consistency, and with a vision of a future where everyone’s rights are respected.

Colored crowd people isometric pie chart composition with people who organized flash mob

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine in 2022, more than 3.2 million Ukrainian nationals have passed through Bulgaria. As of September 2024, approximately 68,000 are residing in the country permanently. Despite the efforts of institutions, civil society actors and volunteer networks, a significant number of these people remain in vulnerable situations, facing serious risks of exploitation and human trafficking.



In 2024, the Dignita Foundation <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/26152143/Function_of_Rights_Solidarity_and_Humanitarian_Assistance_2024_BG.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conducted a study</a> focused on the risk factors for trafficking among Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria. Through interviews with institutional representatives, humanitarian workers, experts, and members of the Ukrainian community, and a review of the regulatory and institutional framework, our team set out to identify what is working, what is missing, and where the urgent needs lie. The report finds that despite a timely response at the onset of the crisis, numerous systemic gaps remain unresolved. As a result, many Ukrainian refugees continue to be at risk of labor, sexual, and other forms of exploitation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why We Conducted This Study</h3>



According to IOM and UNHCR data, over 6.1 million Ukrainians are currently displaced across Europe. Bulgaria is not among the main destinations, yet between February 2022 and September 2024, over 3.2 million people passed through the country, and many have stayed. Over time, what initially looked like transit migration has transformed into a search for long-term security. The reasons vary – from cultural and linguistic proximity to more flexible regulations and the presence of established Ukrainian communities.



The report highlights that hopes for a quick end to the conflict have not materialized. More and more Ukrainians are building their lives in Bulgaria, raising pressing questions about their sustainable social and economic integration. Despite the potential benefits to the local economy and demographics, lack of access to secure income, essential services, and stable housing often forces people into even more precarious situations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What’s New in This Report?</h3>



The study brings several critical insights into the current landscape in Bulgaria. One of the main findings is the absence of routine screening for trafficking risk during initial registration. This means that many cases of vulnerability go undetected. The research also reveals that institutional support is heavily focused on the early phase after arrival, while long-term needs remain largely unaddressed. Ukrainian-led community organizations play a vital role in reaching those in need but are rarely treated as strategic partners in response and planning.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Who Is Most at Risk?</h3>



Being a refugee is not, in itself, what makes someone vulnerable to exploitation. Risk emerges when multiple barriers accumulate – lack of stable work, safe housing, healthcare, education. Many government services are only available in remote or rural areas, which further isolates people. For single mothers, in particular, balancing caregiving responsibilities with the need to earn a living becomes nearly impossible.



Finding private housing is another major obstacle – often unaffordable and insecure. Language barriers make it difficult to interact with institutions and employers, limiting access to information. Many displaced people still perceive their stay in Bulgaria as temporary, which discourages them from seeking long-term solutions and makes them more susceptible to abuse and manipulation.



The most commonly seen refugee profile in Bulgaria is a woman traveling alone with her children. In many cases, they accept informal work or housing arrangements in exchange for basic safety, which leaves them outside labor protections and without recourse in case of exploitation. Elderly people and persons with disabilities also struggle to navigate the system and often depend on others for basic services. Unaccompanied children and youth remain especially vulnerable, lacking stable support and institutional protection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What Can We Do Better?</h3>



Our findings show that protecting people from trafficking cannot rely on short-term efforts alone. A long-term, coordinated strategy is essential – one that includes prevention, early identification, and structural support.



We emphasize the importance of maintaining public solidarity. The initial wave of support from the Bulgarian public was remarkable, but it cannot be expected to last without active institutional engagement and targeted campaigns against xenophobia. Inclusion must become part of public policy, not just a reaction to crisis.



We also highlight the need for strong coordination among all stakeholders – state institutions, NGOs, international partners, and local communities. Fragmented efforts waste resources and leave critical gaps. Clear roles, shared strategies and joint planning are crucial for an effective response.



There is an urgent need for structured risk identification early in the process. Screening for trafficking risk must be integrated into the registration process for temporary protection. Frontline workers need training not just in administration, but in how to spot signs of vulnerability and respond appropriately.



Particular focus must be placed on those who carry the highest burden of vulnerability – single parents, older adults, persons with disabilities, and unaccompanied children. Universal support services often miss their specific needs. We need tailored responses in housing, healthcare and employment that are sensitive to their individual circumstances.



Ukrainian-led organizations already provide essential support. They operate with cultural awareness and have earned the trust of their communities, but they remain structurally unsupported. To continue doing their work effectively, they must be recognized as strategic partners and given access to funding and institutional backing.



Finally, we must move beyond temporary protection. Integration cannot be treated as an afterthought. Long-term policies must ensure access to education, training, healthcare and social services – not as emergency assistance, but as the foundation for independence and participation in society.



This research is part of the international initiative “Regional Anti-Trafficking Response in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis,” implemented with support from the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons in the U.S. Department of State and the International Justice Mission (IJM).



<a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/26152143/Function_of_Rights_Solidarity_and_Humanitarian_Assistance_2024_BG.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">You can read the full report here.</a>

хора вървят по натоварена улица

During the spring-summer season, many people leave Bulgaria for Western EU countries, and at this time, Dignita focuses its efforts on vulnerable individuals seeking various forms of temporary employment. Among them are representatives of Roma and Turkish ethnic minorities, who often struggle to find legal work and are at risk of labor exploitation and human trafficking.



The Netherlands is one of the leading destinations for Bulgarian economic migrants. According to the Netherlands Statistics Institute, approximately 35,000 Bulgarians are officially registered in the country. The main cities where migrants settle include Rotterdam and The Hague, as well as smaller towns like Zaanstad.



Despite the high standard of living in the Netherlands, Bulgarian workers often fall victim to exploitation by unscrupulous employers and intermediaries. The main problems include wage theft, illegally long working hours, lack of workplace protection, and insufficient knowledge of their rights. Limited opportunities to file complaints further hinder their ability to seek protection. In some cases, these violations escalate into labor exploitation, and in extreme situations—even human trafficking, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, construction, and logistics.



In 2025, Dignita will launch an initiative to raise awareness among vulnerable Bulgarian migrants, especially those from segregated Roma and Turkish ethnic minorities. The goal is to inform them about the risks associated with labor migration, as well as ways to find safe and legal employment.



The initiative will begin with field research to assess the specific vulnerabilities and needs of potential migrants. In April 2025, the Dignita team will conduct a risk assessment among labor migrants in the Kardzhali municipality as part of a broader study that started in Shumen. These analyses will help develop informational materials and organize pilot informational sessions for potential migrants. Experts in labor migration and workers&#8217; rights will participate in these sessions, providing guidance on identifying risks and available protection mechanisms.



These activities are part of the project &#8220;Breaking the Chain: Protecting Migrants from Labour Trafficking,&#8221; implemented in partnership with the National Network of Health Mediators and supported by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.



Since 2020, Dignita has been actively working to protect vulnerable communities by applying a systematic approach to preventing human trafficking. Our activities are based on research into specific risks and vulnerabilities, followed by the development of tailored informational materials on workers&#8217; rights and ways to avoid exploitation.



A key element of our strategy is group sessions that raise awareness among participants, as well as individual consultations that provide personalized support for safe migration. By continuously updating our materials based on real threats and empirical data, we can respond effectively to current challenges and offer strong protection for affected groups.

Three years after the start of the war in Ukraine, the European Union has taken unprecedented measures to protect refugees, including the activation of the Temporary Protection Directive. Despite the guaranteed access to the labor market, healthcare, and social services, the reality for many Ukrainian refugees remains concerning.



The latest research under the “Eradicating II” project, in which Dignita is a partner, reveals that thousands of Ukrainian refugees in Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Greece, Romania, and Poland are at high risk of labor exploitation. The research combines desk analysis of academic and institutional sources with focus groups involving service providers, international humanitarian organizations, and Ukrainian refugee women. Its goal is to identify the main challenges to integration and analyze the mechanisms that make refugees vulnerable to labor market abuse.



So how did we get here? What are the main obstacles Ukrainian refugees face when seeking employment in host countries? And how can we respond to this growing issue?



For many Ukrainian refugees, finding a job in the EU is a top priority — but often at a significant cost. Financial instability is a key driver; many refugees arrived with limited savings and few opportunities for income. As a result, they are forced to accept low-paid, insecure, and often informal jobs, exposing them to serious risks of exploitation.



The lack of information about labor rights and local legislation further complicates the situation. Administrative barriers frequently make access to formal employment slow and difficult. Many refugees also struggle with the recognition of their professional qualifications, which pushes them into the informal economy. Limited access to childcare is another major obstacle — many refugee women are mothers of multiple children, and the shortage of childcare services in the six studied countries significantly reduces their ability to engage in legal employment.



Discrimination and social stereotypes also play a role. Women, particularly single mothers, are often perceived as cheap labor and fall into exploitative working conditions. Disinformation campaigns — often fueled by Russian sources — worsen public attitudes toward Ukrainian women and make integration more difficult. Roma refugee women from Ukraine face multiple layers of discrimination, which limits their access to stable jobs and housing.



These combined factors make Ukrainian refugees easy targets for exploitation — whether by unscrupulous employers or organized criminal groups. Without stronger protections and enforcement, their risk of abuse will only grow.



The report identifies widespread cases of labor exploitation across the six countries, affecting a range of economic sectors. Common issues include withheld wages, non-payment, excessive working hours, and hazardous conditions — often without formal contracts or legal protections. Informal employment leaves Ukrainian refugees especially vulnerable to abuse and exploitation.



This exploitation is not an isolated phenomenon but a systemic issue, ranging from minor administrative violations to forced labor and potential cases of trafficking for criminal activities. The most affected sectors include:



Agriculture — unregulated labor, long hours, low pay, and lack of contracts. Promised wages are often partially paid or not paid at all. Hospitality and tourism — especially during the peak tourist season, workers face long shifts, insecure conditions, and low pay, particularly in remote areas. Manufacturing and small factories — poor regulation, dangerous conditions, excessive hours, and very low wages. Criminal activities — some refugees are lured by fake job ads, such as “VIP transport services,” but are actually recruited into illegal operations like smuggling migrants.



Tackling labor exploitation requires coordinated efforts from governments, businesses, and civil society. The report emphasizes the need for:



Stronger regulation and monitoring mechanisms for labor practices. Faster recognition of Ukrainian refugees’ qualifications to enable their access to formal employment. Active involvement of employers in ensuring safe and fair working conditions. Expanded efforts by civil society organizations to raise awareness among refugees about their rights and to provide legal assistance in cases of abuse.



Ukrainian refugees have now been part of Europe’s labor markets for over three years. Yet protecting them from exploitation remains a major challenge — one that requires meaningful action.



Since the beginning of the refugee influx, Dignita has been organizing informational sessions for Ukrainian refugee women. These sessions, designed as support circles, offer a safe space to share information about the Bulgarian labor market, the job-seeking process, local legal frameworks, and how to avoid labor exploitation.



Our experience clearly shows that the risk of labor exploitation is a systemic issue that cannot be ignored. Only through coordinated action among governments, employers, and civil society can we ensure that these individuals are not trapped in cycles of abuse and exploitation.



See the full report from the “Eradicating II” project, developed in partnership with leading European organizations and experts in combating labor exploitation.

In 2022, <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/crim_thb_vexp/default/table?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10,093 victims of human trafficking were officially registered</a> in the European Union, with over 40% subjected to labor exploitation. Unfortunately, the real number of victims is likely much higher, as many cases remain undetected.



This year, the European Union has taken a major step toward promoting sustainable and responsible corporate behavior. In July 2024, the EU adopted the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive – <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/BG/ALL/?uri=OJ:L_202401760" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Directive (EU) 20</a><a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ%3AL_202401760" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">24/1760</a>. The directive introduces new obligations for large companies to ensure that their business operations and supply chains are managed in a way that upholds human rights and protects the environment.



The directive is part of the EU’s broader efforts to build a more just and sustainable economy while addressing critical issues such as labor exploitation and human trafficking. Member States are required to transpose the directive into national law by 2026, with full implementation scheduled for 2029.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How the Directive Will Help Reduce Human Trafficking and Labor Exploitation</h3>



The directive obliges large companies to take greater responsibility for their business practices by introducing new standards for corporate governance. These rules aim to increase transparency and accountability throughout global supply chains and prevent practices that lead to labor exploitation.



Companies will be required to assess where in their operations—or in the operations of their suppliers—there is a risk of human rights violations. This includes examining working conditions, evaluating wages, and checking for signs of forced labor, child labor, or other exploitative practices. These assessments must cover not only the companies&#8217; own operations but also their subcontractors, suppliers, and business partners.



Once risks are identified, companies will be obligated to take action to eliminate them. This may involve developing action plans to improve working conditions, working with suppliers to align practices with international standards, and, if necessary, ending business relationships with partners who refuse to comply.



In addition, Directive 2024/1760 requires regular reporting. Companies must publish information about the measures taken, results achieved, and remaining challenges.



This is a significant step forward for EU Member States, placing a strong emphasis on the protection of human rights and the development of sustainable economic models.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Role of Civil Society</h3>



Civil society organizations have a unique opportunity—and responsibility—to support the successful implementation of Directive 2024/1760 by acting as mediators between public institutions, businesses, and communities. They can lead advocacy efforts, raise awareness, and explain the importance of the directive to companies, communities, and consumers—creating shared understanding of the new standards and requirements.



NGOs can also push for effective enforcement and monitoring mechanisms at both national and EU levels to ensure that the directive is not merely symbolic.



In addition, the nonprofit sector can contribute to capacity-building by offering training and resources, especially to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which often face challenges in adapting to new regulations. Organizing seminars and best practice exchanges in the field of corporate sustainability and social responsibility can accelerate the integration of the directive into everyday business operations.



Monitoring is also a key element—civil society can develop independent tools for tracking progress and publishing reports that highlight successful models and identify areas in need of improvement.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Field Observations</h3>



In 2024, Dignita Foundation conducted a <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/20122050/JobAds_Analysis_Dignita_September_2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review of 400 job advertisements in Bulgaria</a>, revealing numerous warning signs linked to potential labor exploitation risks. Many of these ads showed the following red flags:



<ul>
<li>Requests for personal documents or photos (or, conversely, no documents or CVs required at all)</li>



<li>No company information provided</li>



<li>Readiness to accept unqualified applicants without scrutiny</li>



<li>Mismatches between job descriptions and the actual nature of the work, or vague descriptions that cannot be verified</li>



<li>Missing or overly simplified application procedures</li>



<li>Lack of information about employment contracts—or total absence of a contract</li>
</ul>



Labor exploitation remains a serious issue that cannot be easily eradicated. There are numerous underregulated sectors where vulnerable groups continue to be exposed to exploitative practices. According to the International Labour Organization, 20.9 million people globally are still victims of forced labor.



Directive 2024/1760 marks an important step forward by laying the foundation for greater corporate responsibility, the development of effective oversight systems, and increased societal awareness of the issue.

директива за корпоративна отговорност

In November, the Dignita Foundation held the tenth edition of its Women’s Circle for Empowerment of Ukrainian Refugees, in partnership with the Situational Center “Open Doors” Foundation. This special event brought together a team of experts and 20 women from Ukraine with the aim of providing valuable information about their labor rights in Bulgaria, opportunities for employment, and how to protect themselves from human trafficking for the purpose of labor exploitation.



Supporting Ukrainian refugees lies at the heart of this initiative, which is designed to facilitate their integration in Bulgaria and give them the knowledge they need to build a full and independent life here.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to Search for a Job and Prepare for Applications</h3>



Daniela Dimitrova, a social inclusion expert from Dignita, guided participants through practical advice on how to successfully apply for jobs in Bulgaria. During the session, various job search channels were presented:



Job boards such as Jobs.bg



Social media platforms like LinkedIn and Facebook



Services available through the Bulgarian Labour Office



Specialized job platforms for refugees, including the Refugee Employment Platform, launched by volunteers after the start of the war



The training also addressed the latest trends in the digital era, and how to use modern technologies effectively to find work, create a compelling CV, and become visible to potential employers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Protection from Violations and Labor Rights in Bulgaria</h3>



Tsveta Popova, a lecturer in labor law, shared detailed information about the rights of workers and employees under Bulgarian labor legislation. Participants learned about key aspects of signing an employment contract and how to recognize potential signs of abuse or exploitation.



Ms. Popova also explained the different legal forms of employment available in Bulgaria, so that the women could be fully informed about their options and rights.



Daniela Nikolova, a senior expert at the Bulgarian Employment Agency, presented information about the services the agency offers to Ukrainian refugees. These include institutional support for job placement and access to professional qualification courses to help ease their professional integration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to Protect Yourself from Labor Exploitation and Human Trafficking</h3>



Special attention was given to the risks associated with labor exploitation and human trafficking.



Kamelia Dimitrova, Executive Director of Dignita Foundation, explained what to look out for when considering job offers and how to identify “red flags” in advertisements and recruitment practices. She outlined key risk factors that may indicate potential exploitation, drawing on real cases identified in a study conducted by Dignita, which involved the review of over 400 high-risk job ads.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why the Women’s Circles Are Important</h3>



This initiative is part of Dignita’s broader efforts to support Ukrainian refugees. By providing information about their labor rights and practical guidance, the event aims to make the integration process in Bulgaria easier and to empower participants to build safer and more stable lives.



These gatherings are a vital step in creating a safe and supportive environment for refugee women in Bulgaria, where they can learn, connect, and protect themselves from harm.



This event was made possible with the financial support of the Bulgarian Fund for Women and the European Union.



The views and opinions expressed belong solely to the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bulgarian Fund for Women, the European Union, or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the BFW, nor the EU, nor the EACEA can be held responsible for them.

support circle for Ukrainian refugee women

The Dignita Foundation has officially adopted its <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/20122927/Child_Protection_Policy_Dignita_2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Child Rights Protection Policy</a>, approved by the organization’s Board of Directors. This document establishes key standards for working with children and aligns with established international and national policies on child rights.



The guidelines aim to ensure a safe and supportive environment for the children the foundation works with, reflecting Dignita’s commitment to protecting and supporting every child.

Over the past year, the Dignita Foundation has worked actively to raise awareness of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and gender-based violence in marginalized Roma communities. This effort was carried out in partnership with the National Network of Health Mediators and included studies and training aimed at early identification of risk factors and counteraction to severe forms of violence against women and girls.



The work focused on two locations: “Druzhba” neighborhood in Novi Pazar and “Karmen” neighborhood in Kazanlak. In these communities, training sessions were conducted for health mediators working directly with at-risk individuals. As part of the project, analyses were prepared to identify the specific needs of the mediators and the factors increasing the risk of gender-based violence in these neighborhoods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Vulnerability Factors</h3>



The studies identified several common factors that make women and girls in these communities particularly vulnerable:



<ul>
<li>Poverty and high unemployment;</li>



<li>Lack of education or early school dropout;</li>



<li>Early marriages and childbirth;</li>



<li>Substance abuse, including alcohol and drug dependency.</li>
</ul>



In addition, the studies revealed specific risks in each location. In “Druzhba”, a high prevalence of early marriages involving girls under 18 was reported. Meanwhile, in “Karmen”, extreme poverty was found to be a leading factor contributing to economic dependence and increased risk of exploitation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Findings and Recommendations</h3>



The findings and recommendations were presented in June 2024 at a roundtable discussion. It was attended by representatives of government institutions, non-governmental organizations, and experts. Key recommendations include:



<ul>
<li>Developing systemic and multi-sectoral policies at the national level to address gender-based violence.</li>



<li>Implementing local measures to raise awareness about women’s rights, early signs of violence, and the risks of trafficking for sexual exploitation.</li>



<li>Mobilizing community resources – engaging local leaders and health mediators as key participants in identifying early signs of rights violations.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Next Steps</h3>



Dignita will continue to support and empower individuals working on the front lines in these communities. The foundation is committed to promoting legislative and social changes at both national and local levels to protect the rights of women and girls. Preventing gender-based violence requires not only specific measures but also a comprehensive approach to address the root causes of the problem.

In the first half of the year, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-violence-against-women?fbclid=IwY2xjawEe635leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa-ZAAQChVatD1JTqtZPmLBBZcII02ccDR-SbqqhAgipl2Ei0RmqKl8Uqw_aem_6Lgx2AQLllJjuyW0qcv-Zg" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">UN Special Rapporteur</a>&nbsp;on violence against women and girls prepared an extensive report examining violence as a form, cause, and consequence of prostitution, offering key recommendations for state policies. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5648-prostitution-and-violence-against-women-and-girls-report" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">A/HRC/56/48 report</a>&nbsp;was presented during the summer session of the UN Human Rights Council (June 18 – July 12, 2024). In preparing the report, the Special Rapporteur invited organizations and institutions from around the world to share data on legislation, law enforcement, and the social realities affecting women in prostitution. The final report is based on over 300 submissions from a wide range of stakeholders, including recommendations from the Dignita Foundation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Recommendations from Dignita Included in the Report</h3>



<ul>
<li>Encouraging victims of violence to report crimes to authorities.&nbsp;States should create supportive and safe conditions for victims to feel secure in seeking protection.</li>



<li>Applying a gender-sensitive approach to violent crimes. It is essential for states to analyze the reasons for underreporting these crimes and to improve conditions for investigation.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forms of Violence Against Women and Girls in Prostitution</h3>



In its submission, Dignita focused on the question posed by the Special Rapporteur: “What forms of violence are women and girls in prostitution subjected to?” In Bulgaria, economic violence is a primary concern, while globally, the report emphasizes physical violence in the system of prostitution.



The report describes economic violence and marginalization in prostitution, which include:



<ul>
<li>Minimal or no pay, long working hours, extortion, and refusal by clients to pay.</li>



<li>Theft and extortion by pimps, clients, and other exploiters; forced payment of “interest” to pimps; police fines; debt accumulation; and bribes.</li>



<li>Payments to pimps for rent, work, or basic services.</li>



<li>Migrant women financially bound by debt due to travel costs and fees, leading to forced sexual exploitation.</li>



<li>Tax payments made through pimps, further restricting women’s ability to exit prostitution.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Summary of Recommendations to Governments</h3>



<ul>
<li>Avoiding “pimp-state” models. States should repeal laws that allow, tolerate, or excuse violence and exploitation within the systems of prostitution and pornography. It is crucial to provide gender-sensitive support and compensation to victims of prostitution.</li>



<li>Addressing root causes of violence. States should tackle economic inequalities, discrimination, and marginalization, which lead to violence, as well as work to reduce demand for prostitution.</li>



<li>Investigating and categorizing crimes in prostitution.&nbsp;States should classify the murders of women and girls in prostitution as femicide and investigate disappearances with suspicion of exploitation.</li>



<li>Working with the media. It is recommended that media outlets portray prostitution respectfully, reducing stigma and emphasizing accountability for perpetrators.</li>
</ul>

On July 30, the World Day Against Human Trafficking, Dignita Foundation once again joins global efforts to end child trafficking and issues a strong call for urgent action to protect children.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why It Matters</h3>



<ul>
<li>One in three victims of human trafficking worldwide is a child.</li>



<li>Children are increasingly vulnerable to trafficking due to overlapping crises such as armed conflicts, pandemics, economic hardship, and environmental challenges.</li>



<li>Lack of adequate safety measures on online platforms poses additional risks for children.</li>



<li>Traffickers use online platforms, social media, and the dark web to recruit and exploit children, leveraging technology to evade detection, reach a broader audience, and distribute exploitative content.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Situation in Bulgaria</h3>



In Bulgaria, statistics show that in 2023, 13.5% of formally identified human trafficking victims were children. The causes of child trafficking and the methods used for exploitation are numerous and varied. Combating this issue requires a joint approach from civil society, the private sector, and communities, which play a crucial role in raising awareness, providing support services, and advocating for policy reform.



As part of Bulgaria’s civil society efforts, the Dignita Foundation team actively works on the front lines to assist trafficking victims, including children. Key focus areas for the organization include conducting analyses, reports, and expert ass

As part of the ERADICATING II project, Dignita Foundation has established advisory women&#8217;s circles as a successful practice for analyzing human trafficking risks when working with a vulnerable group—Ukrainian refugee women.



Following the sessions in Sofia in June, additional circles were held in Varna at the beginning of July, bringing together 20 refugee women. This second set of meetings—Circles 3 and 4—included discussions among two groups: women who have been settled in Bulgaria since the initial wave following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, and newly arrived refugees who came to Bulgaria in 2024. The groups also included women participating in the Humanitarian Assistance Program for Displaced Persons from Ukraine.



The analysis of potential risk factors among each of these groups will allow for a more precise assessment of vulnerabilities and the effects of integration measures in line with the EU Temporary Protection Directive for displaced persons from Ukraine.



This upcoming analysis will help in preparing training materials for frontline workers, as timely, informed, and effective contact is essential in preventing exploitation within this at-risk group.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/14193417/a-70-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-2-17217466224636-1-708x1024.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1817" width="599" height="866" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/14193417/a-70-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-2-17217466224636-1-708x1024.webp 708w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/14193417/a-70-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-2-17217466224636-1-207x300.webp 207w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/14193417/a-70-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-2-17217466224636-1-768x1112.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/14193417/a-70-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-2-17217466224636-1-1061x1536.webp 1061w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/14193417/a-70-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-2-17217466224636-1.webp 1415w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px" /></figure></div>


Through these advisory women&#8217;s circles in Varna, we are strengthening our sustainable partnership with our colleagues from &#8220;Ukrainian Home.&#8221; <a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100081182178905" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">&#8220;Ukrainian Home&#8221;</a> works daily to support the integration of Ukrainian refugees.

This is one of the key changes in the updated <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/BG/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024L1712" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Directive 2011/36/EU</a> on Preventing and Combating Human Trafficking and Protecting Victims. This year, 2024, the European Union took a significant step in strengthening its anti-trafficking policies. The growing and evolving threats of trafficking and exploitation have necessitated a revision of the EU’s main legislative framework on human trafficking—Directive 2011/36/EU. In this context, on January 23, 2024, Belgium&#8217;s EU Council Presidency and the European Parliament representatives reached an agreement to implement legislative updates to enhance the fight against human trafficking.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Changes in Directive 2011/36/EU</h3>



One of the most significant updates is the addition of three new forms of exploitation:



<ul>
<li>Forced marriages</li>



<li>Illegal adoptions</li>



<li>Surrogate motherhood</li>
</ul>



The updated directive now requires Member States to impose sanctions for the knowing use of services provided by trafficking victims. Additionally, Member States will be responsible for ensuring that trafficking victims have access to existing compensation schemes for victims of intentional violent crimes, with the option to create a national victims&#8217; fund or a similar instrument to provide these compensations.



Stronger Penalties and Legal Framework



The amendments include stricter penalties for crimes involving human trafficking, taking into account the increasing use of information and communication technologies to disseminate images, videos, or other materials of a sexual nature involving victims. This factor now serves as an aggravating circumstance in sentencing. Furthermore, legal entities found guilty of trafficking offenses will face enhanced penalties, such as exclusion from access to public funding, grants, tenders, and licenses, as well as the revocation of permits for activities related to the offense.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">A Step Towards a Multidisciplinary and Victim-Centered Approach</h3>



The introduced updates represent a significant step toward refining the EU&#8217;s comprehensive policy approach to human trafficking, emphasizing a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral strategy. Key priorities include victim identification, assistance, and protection, with a focus on safeguarding and empowering victims—especially women and children.



The adoption of the revised Directive on Combating Human Trafficking is a critical step toward unifying national legislation across EU Member States. Over the next two years, until July 15, 2026, Member States will work to transpose the Directive into their national legal frameworks.



The Dignita Foundation will continue its active involvement in expert discussions regarding the Directive’s revisions on both national and European levels, as part of its advocacy and expert contributions to the fight against human trafficking.

As part of the <a href="https://www.eradicating2project.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ERADICATING II</a> project, the Dignita Foundation will conduct a risk assessment for labor exploitation among Ukrainian refugees, aiming to identify potential threats and propose measures to protect vulnerable groups. The findings of the assessment will be presented in a comprehensive report and will serve as the basis for training materials. These materials will help enhance the capacity of law enforcement, labor inspectors, and frontline practitioners in identifying, protecting, and directing trafficking victims to appropriate support and care services.



The EU-funded ERADICATING II project (project number: 101101925) is an extension of the ERADICATING initiative and aims to increase the identification of human trafficking victims, particularly of labor exploitation, across vulnerable groups such as women, children, and Ukrainian refugees. Another key aim is to boost the number of investigations and prosecutions within the EU. The project focuses on strengthening the capacity of i) law enforcement and prosecution authorities, ii) labor inspectors, and iii) frontline practitioners in identifying, protecting, and supporting victims of human trafficking.



ERADICATING II is led by a consortium of five law enforcement agencies and five civil society organizations across six countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia), applying a human-rights-based and gender-sensitive approach. The consortium&#8217;s formation considers the crisis in Ukraine and key trends in human trafficking.



The project aims to:



<ul>
<li>Enhance the capacity of law enforcement and prosecution, labor inspectors, and frontline specialists in identifying, protecting, and directing trafficking victims to support services.</li>



<li>Strengthen collaboration across stakeholders at national, regional, and EU transnational levels to combat labor exploitation.</li>



<li>Improve coordination between law enforcement agencies, including establishing joint cross-border investigations and cross-border referral practices among EU Member States.</li>



<li>Increase the capacity of law enforcement and prosecution in conducting digital and parallel/financial investigations to reduce the burden on victims and minimize revictimization risks.</li>



<li>Address the risk of Ukrainian refugees being drawn into human trafficking.</li>
</ul>

In June, the team of the &#8220;Dignita&#8221; Foundation launched the consultative women’s circles within the framework of the <a href="https://www.eradicating2project.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ERADICATING II Project</a>, in collaboration with other institutions and organizations from six countries (Germany, Poland, Greece, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and Romania). The chosen format includes Ukrainian refugee women and aims for an informal discussion on integration issues, settling in Bulgaria, potential challenges related to entering the labor market, and the presence of exploitation practices. The goal is to gather primary information regarding the risk of labor exploitation.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12222301/%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B8-1-17194865987274-1-1024x645.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1796"/></figure></div>


The women’s circles are part of the research conducted by the &#8220;Dignita&#8221; Foundation under the project, assessing the risks of human trafficking for labor exploitation among Ukrainian refugees. In May, 3 focus groups were held with the participation of representatives from non-governmental and humanitarian organizations working directly with Ukrainian refugees in the six consortium member states. During the discussions, participants shared their experiences and observations regarding the main risk factors and vulnerabilities faced by Ukrainian refugees in the process of integration in the host countries.



In the coming months, the &#8220;Dignita&#8221; Foundation will develop a summary analysis of the data collected during the consultative women’s circles and focus groups. This analysis will serve as a basis for preparing a set of training materials aimed at increasing the capacity of law enforcement officers, labor inspectors, and other front-line specialists.



The EU-funded ERADICATING II project aims to increase the number of identified victims of human trafficking for labor exploitation, especially among vulnerable groups such as women, children, and Ukrainian refugees, and to raise the number of investigations and prosecutions at the EU level. The project’s goal is to improve the capacity of i) law enforcement and prosecutors, ii) labor inspectors, and iii) frontline practitioners to identify, protect, and refer trafficking victims for support and care.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12222242/transparent_Primary-Logo-1-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1795" width="175" height="142" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12222242/transparent_Primary-Logo-1-1.png 500w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12222242/transparent_Primary-Logo-1-1-300x244.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px" /></figure>



ERADICATING II brings together five law enforcement agencies and five civil society organizations across six countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia), applying a human rights-based approach that is gender-sensitive. The project was developed with consideration for the Ukraine crisis and key trends in human trafficking.

On June 7, the Dignita Foundation held a roundtable to discuss the main risk factors that make marginalized Roma communities particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence and human trafficking. Participants included representatives from key government institutions—the Prosecutor General’s Office, National Investigation Service, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Social Assistance Agency, State Agency for Child Protection, National Commission for Combatting Trafficking in Persons, and the National Council for the Prevention and Protection of Domestic Violence—as well as embassies, municipal representatives, and international and local NGOs actively working in these areas.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="478" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215910/kryglaMasa-1-1024x478.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1778" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215910/kryglaMasa-1-1024x478.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215910/kryglaMasa-1-300x140.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215910/kryglaMasa-1-768x358.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215910/kryglaMasa-1-1536x716.jpg 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215910/kryglaMasa-1.jpg 1975w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


Dignita, in partnership with the National Network of Health Mediators, presented a detailed assessment of the specific vulnerabilities and needs in two Roma neighborhoods—Karmen in Kazanlak and Druzhba in Novi Pazar. This assessment, based on research, community focus groups, and interviews with leaders and local experts, identified several key factors that increase vulnerability to violence and trafficking.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Primary Vulnerability Factors</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Poverty</h4>



Only 17% of residents in Karmen (Kazanlak) and 20% in Druzhba (Novi Pazar) hold formal employment contracts, with men making up the larger share of the employed. Many households lack access to basic utilities like running water and electricity, contributing to extreme poverty in these communities. This deprivation often results in family conflicts that escalate into violence, dependency on loan sharks, and unsafe practices to secure income, such as scavenging.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Early Marriages and Childbirth</h4>



In Karmen, 82.4% of women reported having children as minors, and 21.3% of teenage girls are either married or divorced. In Druzhba, 45.4% of surveyed women had their first child before age 17. Early marriage and childbirth severely limit educational and employment opportunities, fostering financial dependency on the partner’s family and significantly increasing the risk of exploitation.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Lack of Education</h4>



Educational levels are low across these communities: in Karmen, 5.1% of individuals aged 19–28 have never attended school, 16.2% did not complete primary school, 37.5% finished only primary school, 32.4% completed middle school, and just 8.8% have a high school education. In Druzhba, 53.5% of respondents have not completed primary education or only attended up to that level. This educational deficit restricts employment prospects and reinforces financial dependence, leading to increased vulnerability to sexual and labor exploitation.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Substance Use and Dependency</h4>



Substance abuse, particularly among youth, is widespread in Karmen and nearby areas, with a noticeable decrease in the age of first-time users. Drug dependency fosters aggressive behavior, contributes to instances of family violence, and encourages high-risk behaviors that increase vulnerability to exploitation.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Normalization of Domestic Violence</h4>



Patriarchal norms and fear of familial rejection contribute to the normalization of domestic violence within these communities. Interviews and focus groups reveal that cultural values often assign a dominant role to men, which normalizes and perpetuates domestic violence as an accepted aspect of life within many households.



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" data-id="1779" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215954/6070282-17183688113115-1-1024x768.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1779" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215954/6070282-17183688113115-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215954/6070282-17183688113115-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215954/6070282-17183688113115-1-768x576.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215954/6070282-17183688113115-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215954/6070282-17183688113115-1.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" data-id="1780" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215955/6070438-17183690160601-1-1024x768.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1780" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215955/6070438-17183690160601-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215955/6070438-17183690160601-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215955/6070438-17183690160601-1-768x576.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215955/6070438-17183690160601-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215955/6070438-17183690160601-1.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" data-id="1781" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215957/6070448-17183687913351-1-1024x768.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1781" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215957/6070448-17183687913351-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215957/6070448-17183687913351-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215957/6070448-17183687913351-1-768x576.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215957/6070448-17183687913351-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215957/6070448-17183687913351-1.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" data-id="1782" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215958/6070668-17183686727162-1-1024x768.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1782" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215958/6070668-17183686727162-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215958/6070668-17183686727162-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215958/6070668-17183686727162-1-768x576.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215958/6070668-17183686727162-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215958/6070668-17183686727162-1.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" data-id="1783" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215959/6071000-17183685763578-1-1024x768.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1783" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215959/6071000-17183685763578-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215959/6071000-17183685763578-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215959/6071000-17183685763578-1-768x576.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215959/6071000-17183685763578-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12215959/6071000-17183685763578-1.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" data-id="1784" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220000/6071296-17183687458794-1-1024x768.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1784" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220000/6071296-17183687458794-1-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220000/6071296-17183687458794-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220000/6071296-17183687458794-1-768x576.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220000/6071296-17183687458794-1-1536x1152.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220000/6071296-17183687458794-1.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
</figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion and Recommendations</h3>



In concluding the roundtable, participants emphasized the need for targeted interventions by institutions to address these vulnerabilities. Recommendations were outlined at three levels:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">National level</h4>



<ul>
<li>Implement multi-sectoral policies addressing the root causes of gender-based violence.</li>



<li>Increase awareness among youth about human rights, discrimination, and gender-based violence.</li>



<li>Ensure equal access to education and prevent school dropouts.</li>



<li>Provide accessible services for substance abuse prevention and treatment.</li>



<li>Strengthen law enforcement actions against networks producing and distributing psychoactive substances and involved in trafficking.</li>
</ul>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Local Level</h4>



<ul>
<li>Improve collaboration among stakeholders to prevent and identify cases of gender-based violence.</li>



<li>Establish accessible information and support services within the community.</li>



<li>Expand crisis center networks and services for survivors of domestic violence.</li>



<li>Train health mediators to identify and respond to cases of domestic violence, substance abuse, and trafficking.</li>



<li>Support family-focused initiatives to counter discrimination against women and promote gender equality.</li>
</ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220637/un-united-nations3511.logowik.com_-1.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1785" width="198" height="149" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220637/un-united-nations3511.logowik.com_-1.webp 866w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220637/un-united-nations3511.logowik.com_-1-300x225.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12220637/un-united-nations3511.logowik.com_-1-768x576.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px" /></figure>



The roundtable was organized as part of the project “I Rise, Too! Empowering Roma Women and Girls to Recognize Human Trafficking for Sex

On March 1, 2024, Dignita Foundation held an online meeting with representatives from social services and crisis centers for children and individuals affected by violence, trafficking, and other forms of exploitation. Experts and social workers from Regional Social Assistance Directorates and local Social Assistance Directorates where these crisis centers operate also joined the meeting.



The goal of the meeting was to introduce Dignita’s comprehensive program for legal support, mentorship, and socio-economic empowerment of trafficking victims. The program includes the provision of legal aid, covering consultation on victims&#8217; rights and legal representation in criminal proceedings. Another important aspect of the program is focused on building essential integration skills and providing access to regular employment to foster socio-economic empowerment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Presenters and Topics</h3>



Sessions were led by experts with extensive experience in the areas covered by the program:



<ul>
<li>Ms. Natasha Dobreva – lawyer and human rights defender specialized in anti-trafficking. Ms. Dobreva represents trafficking victims before the Bulgarian court and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg.</li>



<li>Ms. Vyara Lazarova – psychologist and personal and career development consultant.</li>
</ul>



The presenters shared their practical experience and expertise on these topics, illustrating them with real-world examples and case studies.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="522" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212614/screenshotweb-17094804583933-1-1024x522.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1762" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212614/screenshotweb-17094804583933-1-1024x522.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212614/screenshotweb-17094804583933-1-300x153.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212614/screenshotweb-17094804583933-1-768x392.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212614/screenshotweb-17094804583933-1-1536x783.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212614/screenshotweb-17094804583933-1.webp 1890w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Discussion of Current Cases and Queries</h3>



The event provided participants with the opportunity to ask questions and discuss cases from their practice related to trafficking and other forms of exploitation. This created a platform for valuable information exchange and practical support, while contributing to future collaboration between Dignita Foundation and social services.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Readiness to Support Specific Cases</h3>



At the end of the meeting, the Dignita team reaffirmed its commitment to offer expert support and assistance on specific cases related to trafficking victims’ protection and to strengthen cooperation with crisis centers and social services.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212601/FystIZMb_400x400-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1761" width="163" height="163" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212601/FystIZMb_400x400-1.jpg 400w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212601/FystIZMb_400x400-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12212601/FystIZMb_400x400-1-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 163px) 100vw, 163px" /></figure>



The meeting was part of the project “Regional Response to Trafficking in Persons within the Ukraine Crisis” (J/TIP), implemented in partnership with th

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) published its annual compilation of “Key Cases” for 2023, in which the case “<a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-229129%22]}" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Krachunova v. Bulgaria</a>” was featured as the sole example this year for advancing Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The case, led by Bulgarian lawyer Natasha Dobreva and supported by Dignita Foundation, is also the only Bulgarian case included in the prestigious 2023 list.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Significance of “Krachunova v. Bulgaria”</h3>



This case is one of the few that raises the issue of trafficking victims’ right to compensation, setting a precedent by exploring the application of Article 4 of the Convention, which prohibits slavery and forced labor. In this case, Ms. Krachunova, a trafficking victim subjected to sexual exploitation, filed a compensation claim against her trafficker. However, Bulgarian courts denied her claim, citing a reasoning that income from exploitation is “immoral.” The case saw the involvement of GRETA – the Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings – which joined as a third-party supporter, strengthening the arguments in defense of trafficking victims’ rights.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Cases of the ECHR</h3>



The ECHR has published an annual list of its most important cases since 2007, selecting cases assessed by seasoned lawyers and experts of the Court. The inclusion of “Krachunova v. Bulgaria” as a benchmark for the development of victims’ rights under Article 4 represents a significant advance in trafficking victims’ protections in both Bulgaria and Europe. This recognition reaffirms Dignita Foundation as a reliable partner in legal advocacy and protection for vulnerable groups.

сградата на европейски съд по правата на човека

In partnership with the National Network of Health Mediators, Dignita Foundation organized an empowerment training session for health mediators and women from the community on recognizing gender-based violence and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The training took place on January 17-18 in the city of Kazanlak and included health mediators from the municipalities of Kazanlak, Pavel Banya, Maglizh, Chirpan, and Radnevo, as well as women from the segregated Roma neighborhood of Karmen in the city.



Participants were introduced to the primary characteristics of crimes related to gender-based violence and trafficking for sexual exploitation, one of the most severe forms of gender-based violence against women. The training highlighted major risk factors that increase vulnerability to such violence, including early marriages, school dropout, and the stereotypical roles and expectations placed on girls and women in patriarchal and traditional Roma communities. Another significant risk factor in Karmen is the widespread use of psychoactive substances among adolescents.



Given the key role that health mediators play in the community, working on the front lines with at-risk individuals, participants were trained to recognize signs of gender-based violence and trafficking for sexual exploitation. Information was provided on available mechanisms for seeking help and support for victims of violence and trafficking, including which institutions and organizations can offer assistance and guidance. The training also provided practical advice and steps to help victims seek assistance and support effectively.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12204119/%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80-1-1024x593.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1745"/></figure></div>


The participants shared real-life problems and cases they have encountered in their community and received professional advice and individual consultations on handling these situations.



The training was led by leading experts in gender-based violence, human trafficking, and psychoactive substance use, including Ms. Anna Nikolova, Chair of the “SOS Families at Risk” Foundation and a member of the Gender-Based Violence Protection Alliance, Ms. Kamelia Dimitrova, Executive Director of Dignita Foundation and an expert with years of experience in human trafficking, Dr. Ivan Dobrinov, psychiatrist, and Ms. Tsveta Petkova from the National Network of Health Mediators.



This training was conducted under the project &#8220;Empowering Roma Women and Girls to Recognize Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation as a Form of Gender-Based Violence,&#8221; funded by the Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations and International Organizations in Vienna.

Victims of human trafficking have the right to compensation for material and non-material damages, yet accessing these rights remains challenging in Bulgaria as well as in other European Union countries.



The Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) at the Council of Europe has long made a universal recommendation to member states to establish a special fund for compensating victims of human trafficking, funded by the confiscated proceeds of criminal activities, including trafficking and exploitation. This recommendation is also directed at Bulgaria.



To support decision-making regarding the potential need for such a fund in Bulgaria, Dignita Foundation has conducted a comparative evaluation study of existing compensation models for trafficking victims in 20 member states of the EU and the Council of Europe.



The analysis focuses on components of state-provided compensation and the existing compensation model in Bulgaria, which includes both perpetrator-paid civil claims and public funds from the state budget. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of Bulgaria&#8217;s current compensation framework and concludes that there is no immediate need for a large-scale reform or additional standalone mechanisms for victim compensation. Instead, it recommends targeted improvements to reduce barriers in victims&#8217; access to the existing compensation system, along with specific proposals for enhancing its functionality.



The analysis was authored by Associate Professor Dr. Iva Pushkarova, an internationally recognized expert in criminal law and human rights, specializing in comprehensive legal effectiveness assessments and legislative reforms. Dr. Pushkarova has authored over 140 comparative studies, articles, reports, and books on organized crime, human trafficking, exploitation-based crime, juvenile crime, crimes against children, economic and financial crime, sentencing systems, constitutional issues in the judiciary, and more.



You can access the full analysis <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/20122328/State_Compensation_Trafficking_Victims_2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HERE</a>, and the appendix “Compensation Mechanisms for Victims of Human Trafficking in 20 EU Countries” <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bGyQISZ88lS6vVn694h_g7q5aGGj0A_v/view">HERE</a>.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12202344/bfwlogobg-1696416755413-1.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1738" width="363" height="144" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12202344/bfwlogobg-1696416755413-1.webp 886w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12202344/bfwlogobg-1696416755413-1-300x120.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12202344/bfwlogobg-1696416755413-1-768x307.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px" /></figure>



This analysis was prepared as part of a Core Funding grant project for organizational and/or administrative support, funded by the Bulgarian Fund for Women.

Анализ на моделите за обезщетяване на пострадали от трафик на хора в България

On September 26, 2023, Dignita Foundation organized an event in Sofia on “Preventing Human Trafficking Among Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria,” where an updated <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/20122050/JobAds_Analysis_Dignita_September_2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Analysis of Risky Job Listings for Ukrainian Refugees – Summer 2023</a> was presented. The analysis, conducted by Dr. Alexander Gerganov, Chief Assistant at the Center for Empirical Social Research at BAS, aims to enhance the capacity to recognize trafficking risks in job listings targeting Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Participation from Key Institutions</h3>



Representatives from the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, the Social Assistance Agency, the Employment Agency, the General Labor Inspectorate, the State Agency for Child Protection, the Ministry of the Interior, and other governmental bodies, along with diplomats, NGOs, and international organizations, attended the event. The main objective was to increase institutional capacity to recognize and address trafficking risks within the Ukrainian refugee flow.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12200644/%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0-16958010421895-1-1024x576.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1729"/></figure></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Findings and Risk Indicators</h3>



The analysis reviewed 200 job listings aimed at Ukrainian refugees during the summer—typically the most high-risk period for potential exploitation. All listings were investigated by Ukrainian volunteers using a “mystery shopper” approach. Kamelia Dimitrova, Executive Director of Dignita, commented:



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
“We found that job descriptions often differed significantly from the actual duties or lacked essential details about the job. In 85% of the suspicious listings reviewed, the job description provided by the contact person did not match what was stated in the job ad.”
</blockquote>



The analysis highlights the following primary risk indicators:



<ul>
<li>Discrepancies between the job description in the listing and the actual job duties, or a lack of sufficient information to verify the job description.</li>



<li>Absence of information about the application process, or an overly simplified process.</li>



<li>Unclear or missing details about whether a contract is offered.</li>
</ul>



These findings add to previous indicators from an analysis conducted in autumn 2022:



<ul>
<li>Requests for personal details or documents such as a photo, ID, or passport, or a complete lack of requirements for any documentation, including a CV.</li>



<li>Lack of information about the employer in the listing.</li>



<li>Willingness to accept applicants without the necessary qualifications.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sector-Specific Risks</h3>



The study found a high concentration of job listings in the tourism sector during the summer season, with increased job availability in this area also linked to greater risks for Ukrainian refugees seeking employment. Hospitality and catering positions often require little to no qualification (64% of job listings in the tourism sector), making these roles particularly attractive to refugees seeking seasonal work. While many job listings are legitimate, some carry high risks, concealing potential exploitation.



In the construction sector, it was found that 73% of the 22 job listings identified by volunteers as part of this sector lacked information about the hiring company. This omission makes it difficult for job seekers to assess the legitimacy of these positions, which heightens their vulnerability to exploitation or deceptive practices. When job listings lack transparency about the employer or work conditions, it creates significant potential for labor rights abuses and increased exploitation of applicants.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Recommendations</h3>



Dignita recommends that competent institutions closely monitor high-risk sectors, conducting inspections of employers suspected of violations.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
“In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that no single organization or institution can ensure the safety and integration of Ukrainian refugees alone. United, focused efforts are essential,” Dimitrova concluded.
</blockquote>



The round table was organized under the project of the &#8220;Dignita&#8221; Foundation &#8220;Ukrainian women in Bulgaria &#8211; life without the risk of trafficking&#8221;, which is implemented with the financial support of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway under the Active Citizens Bulgaria Fund within the Financial Mechanism of the European Economic Area. The main goal of the project is to prevent human trafficking and various forms of exploitation among Ukrainian refugee women in Bulgaria.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12200842/active-citizens-fund-169580068381.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1730" width="274" height="96" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12200842/active-citizens-fund-169580068381.webp 836w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12200842/active-citizens-fund-169580068381-300x106.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12200842/active-citizens-fund-169580068381-768x270.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px" /></figure>



All responsibility for the content of the analysis is borne by the Dignity Foundation and under no circumstances can it be assumed that this document reflects the official opinion of the Financial Mechanism of the European Economic Area and the Operator of the Active Citizens Bulgaria Fund.

On June 27, 2023, Dignita Foundation, in partnership with Ukrainian Home Varna and with the support of the French Embassy in Bulgaria, held a second empowering women’s circle focused on Ukrainian refugees in Varna. The main objective was to prepare participants for successful integration into the Bulgarian labor market and to protect them from potential exploitation schemes.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194103/20230627145632-16905385890195-1-1024x576.webp" alt="women’s circle for Ukrainian refugees in Varna " class="wp-image-1717" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194103/20230627145632-16905385890195-1-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194103/20230627145632-16905385890195-1-300x169.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194103/20230627145632-16905385890195-1-768x432.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194103/20230627145632-16905385890195-1-1536x864.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194103/20230627145632-16905385890195-1-2048x1152.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


The event brought together 20 Ukrainian women from the local community who received guidance on essential aspects of job-seeking in Bulgaria, including:



<ul>
<li>Key platforms for job search;</li>



<li>Creating a competitive CV;</li>



<li>Preparing for a successful interview;</li>



<li>The rights of Ukrainian refugees on the Bulgarian labor market;</li>



<li>Important details to be aware of when starting a job.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Meeting with Potential Employers</h3>



The women had the opportunity to meet directly with employers offering open positions, ask questions, and arrange interviews. Aldo Supermarkets, KUB Corporation, and Nathalie Leather Design were among the companies showing their readiness to provide job opportunities to those in need.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preventing Exploitation and Trafficking</h3>



A major part of the women’s circle was dedicated to raising awareness about the risks of exploitation and human trafficking. Participants were informed about key safety elements, including:



<ul>
<li>What human trafficking is and its different forms;</li>



<li>Key &#8220;red flags&#8221; to watch for in suspicious situations;</li>



<li>Specific risks when seeking employment in Bulgaria;</li>



<li>Recognizing suspicious job advertisements;</li>



<li>Who to contact for help if they face risk or find themselves in a trafficking or exploitation situation.</li>
</ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="157" height="149" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12194128/logo-fr-embassy-1690539048376-1.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1718"/></figure>



This women’s circle was held as part of the project &#8220;Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria &#8211; Access to the Labor Market and Prevention of Exploitation 2,&#8221; supported by the French Embassy in Bulgaria, aimed at supporting the integration and protection of Uk

Dignita Foundation has published its <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/20121730/Dignita_Stanovishte_ZID_ZZD_N_2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">position</a> on the draft <a href="https://parliament.bg/bg/bills/ID/164877" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amendments to the Domestic Violence Protection Act.</a> After examining the proposed changes and the accompanying rationale, Dignita’s experts expressed support for the amendments. The foundation noted that, if adopted, these amendments would help Bulgaria meet its international legal obligations and prevent potential diplomatic and financial sanctions.



Dignita welcomes many of the proposals, especially the introduction of a new measure related to the possession and use of firearms in domestic violence cases. Temporarily suspending a firearm license when there is reasonable fear of violence is a justified preventative measure and aligns with one of the main aims of the DVPA—preventing serious crimes related to domestic violence.



The foundation also endorses the removal of the right to appeal an immediate protection order, a measure consistent with the Bulgarian Penal Procedure Code and international legal standards. Additionally, establishing a National Information System is a crucial step forward in fulfilling Bulgaria’s obligations in this area. However, the foundation notes that the current proposal omits registered attorneys from both Bulgarian and European bar associations as eligible users of the system. Dignita also supports state budget funding for prevention programs and specialized services.



The creation of a specialized national body—the National Council for Domestic Violence Prevention and Protection—is another essential step in fulfilling Bulgaria’s international commitments. The participation of NGOs is important, but it is also necessary to include representatives from the Supreme Bar Council and the National Legal Aid Bureau, given their critical role in providing legal protection to victims. For the Council to function effectively, it should be managed by a competent Secretary and supported by a specialized administration with adequate human and technical resources to carry out its legally assigned responsibilities.



Dignita expressed disappointment that the term “de facto marital cohabitation” remains in the draft, instead of the term “intimate relationship.” This terminology change is an international obligation for Bulgaria, as set forth by the European Court of Human Rights in cases filed by domestic violence victims from Bulgaria.

On March 28, 2023, Dignita Foundation organized a round table in Sofia focusing on the “Prevention of Human Trafficking Among Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria.” The event brought together representatives from Bulgarian institutions (Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, Social Assistance Agency, Employment Agency, General Labor Inspectorate, Ministry of the Interior – GDNP, GDBOP, GDGP), NGOs, and international organizations engaged in refugee crisis management and anti-trafficking efforts in Bulgaria. The goal was to enhance these organizations’ capacity to recognize and mitigate human trafficking risks within refugee flows.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Presentation of Job Listing Risk Analysis</h3>



During the round table, Dignita presented an Analysis of Risky Job Listings for Ukrainian Refugees (conducted by Dr. Alexander Gerganov, Chief Assistant at the Center for Empirical Social Research, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, BAS). The analysis reviewed 279 job listings targeting Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria, evaluating primary indicators of exploitation risk. All listings were identified and reviewed using a “mystery shopper” approach by Ukrainian volunteers.



“This analysis would not have been possible without the commitment of Ukrainian women who devoted themselves to helping their fellow refugees avoid potential risks of exploitation and trafficking,” commented Kamelia Dimitrova, Executive Director of Dignita.



The analysis revealed that 28% of the listings were initially assessed as highly or moderately suspicious according to the criteria set out in the methodology. “The reason there are so many suspicious listings targeting the Ukrainian community is because this group is more vulnerable – they have suffered significant trauma, are unfamiliar with local laws and their rights, don’t speak the language, and lack a personal support network,” Dimitrova explained.



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="461" data-id="1690" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0030-16800157135924-1024x461.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1690" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0030-16800157135924-1024x461.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0030-16800157135924-300x135.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0030-16800157135924-768x346.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0030-16800157135924-1536x691.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0030-16800157135924.webp 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="461" data-id="1692" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185829/img-20230328-wa0050-16800156786785-1024x461.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1692" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185829/img-20230328-wa0050-16800156786785-1024x461.webp 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185829/img-20230328-wa0050-16800156786785-300x135.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185829/img-20230328-wa0050-16800156786785-768x346.webp 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185829/img-20230328-wa0050-16800156786785-1536x691.webp 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185829/img-20230328-wa0050-16800156786785.webp 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="719" height="323" data-id="1691" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0037-1680015622374.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1691" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0037-1680015622374.webp 719w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185828/img-20230328-wa0037-1680015622374-300x135.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px" /></figure>
</figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key Indicators of Risk in Job Listings</h3>



The main risk indicators for listings flagged as suspicious were:



<ul>
<li>Requests for overly personal information (e.g., photo, ID/passport), or no documents required, not even a CV.</li>



<li>Lack of information about the hiring company.</li>



<li>Lack of a requirement for specific qualifications, even when the position normally requires them.</li>



<li>Absence of a contract or unclear contract information.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Presentation of Good Practices</h3>



The round table also highlighted good practices from Dignita’s “Women’s Circles” for Ukrainian refugees, which aim to prevent trafficking and facilitate labor market integration in Bulgaria.



You can access the full analysis <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/19193955/Risk_Indicators_Job_Ads_Ukrainian_Refugees_BG_2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



The round table was organized as part of Dignita’s project “Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria – Life Without Risk of Trafficking,” implemented with financial support from Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway through the Active Citizens Fund in Bulgaria, under the EEA Financial Mechanism. The main objective of the project is to prevent human trafficking and various forms of exploitation among Ukrainian refugee women in Bulgaria.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185647/active-citizens-fund-16800152325685.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-1688" width="329" height="116" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185647/active-citizens-fund-16800152325685.webp 836w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185647/active-citizens-fund-16800152325685-300x106.webp 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12185647/active-citizens-fund-16800152325685-768x270.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px" /></figure>



Dignita bears full responsibility for the content of this analysis and this article, which in no way reflects the official position of the EEA Financial Mechanism or the Active Citizens Fund Operator in Bulgaria.

Дигнита“ проведе кръгла маса в София

This November, the Council of Europe held a regular meeting of lawyers representing victims of human trafficking. The <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/anti-human-trafficking/lawyers-network#{%2216408095%22:[0]}" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Network of Anti-Trafficking Lawyers</a>, established by the Council in 2016, connects attorneys specialized in representing trafficking victims, including criminal defense lawyers for victims, immigration attorneys, labor lawyers, and other practitioners. The network meets biannually in Strasbourg to share expertise. This year’s event drew around 40 lawyers from 21 signatory countries to the Council of Europe’s Anti-Trafficking Convention.



On the first day, the Executive Secretary of GRETA (the Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings) presented an overview of findings from the third evaluation round, focused on victims’ rights to justice and effective remedies. Participants also reviewed the recent ECHR judgment Zoletic and Others v. Azerbaijan, case no. 20116/12, presented by a judge from Croatia and a representative from the ECHR Registry. Professor of Contemporary Slavery Law at King’s College London, who is also a practicing attorney, shared her experience filing claims with the UN Human Rights Committee and discussed best practices. The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, Vienna, also presented a new compendium of international human rights materials on human trafficking.



The second day of the conference focused on strategic cases presented by participants. Attorney Natasha Dobreva presented the case <a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-210388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Krachunova v. Bulgaria</a>, application no. 18269/18, currently pending before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The case, supported by Dignita, was described by ECHR lawyers as a “game changer” and is one of only two current cases at the Court addressing victims’ rights to compensation for harm caused by trafficking, owed by the traffickeр. GRETA’s Executive Secretary noted that Krachunova v. Bulgaria is the third case where GRETA has participated as a third-party intervener to support the applicant, and it is the first time it was explicitly invited to do so by the Court.



Other strategic cases from Serbia, Spain, and France were also presented, along with insights from a Norwegian organization providing legal aid to detained trafficking survivors in Oslo who face charges for minor offenses they were forced to commit during their exploitation (the non-punishment clause).

Наташа Добрева представи делото Крачунова с/у България в Съвета на Европа

As part of the project &#8220;The Ukrainian Refugee Crisis: Preventing Trafficking of Female Refugees,&#8221; funded by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bulgaria, Dignita Foundation has prepared an analysis examining the risks of human trafficking for Ukrainian refugees in Europe. This analysis provides a preliminary assessment of the refugees’ vulnerabilities, with a particular focus on those registered in Bulgaria.



The goal of the analysis is to enhance the capacity of national institutions and NGOs supporting Ukrainian refugees to identify trafficking risks, uncover potential cases of exploitation, direct victims to assistance, and report cases to investigative authorities. Another aim is to increase public awareness of signs of exploitation to improve reporting and help overcome barriers such as language, lack of knowledge, and mistrust of institutions.



The analysis uses a three-tier methodology: document research, focus groups with police and state representatives in Bulgaria, and semi-structured interviews with volunteers, social workers, and experts.



Key Findings



The report highlights that Ukraine has historically been a primary source country for human trafficking victims, due to its geographic location, slower economic development, lower standard of living compared to EU countries, and the presence of complex organized criminal networks. The Russian invasion has exacerbated this issue, leading to mass migration and increased risks of exploitation and violence for vulnerable groups.



Seven months into the war, the dangers associated with human trafficking have drawn increased attention from international, intergovernmental, and national organizations. Although initial evidence on recruitment strategies, control mechanisms, and exploitation of victims remains fragmented, police operations, NGO reports, and statements from volunteers and experts reveal an emerging picture. Despite law enforcement efforts and NGO awareness campaigns, data shows that risks associated with unauthorized transportation, housing, and employment for Ukrainian refugees continue. Traffickers are increasingly using social media to exploit refugees as they navigate challenges in host communities.



While some progress has been made in host countries concerning refugee registration for temporary protection, the end of government-funded programs and dwindling resources for the first wave of refugees may push some to riskier income strategies. This is particularly likely among refugees without recognized qualifications who are responsible for multiple generations. Organized crime networks and individual perpetrators are likely to exploit these vulnerabilities. Experts caution that Ukrainian women may be at risk for trafficking for sexual exploitation along the Black Sea coast. Volunteers in Bulgaria and other host countries have also identified labor exploitation schemes and employment rights abuses.



Women and girls at risk of poverty in Ukraine, unaccompanied minors, non-Ukrainian nationals, those without access to temporary protection, people with disabilities, and marginalized groups such as LGBTQ+ individuals and Roma are particularly vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation. Reluctance among Ukrainian refugees to report abuse and exploitation, due to mistrust of institutions or fear of discrimination, also presents challenges for early identification of trafficking cases. Combined with language barriers, this increases their vulnerability and limits their ability to seek help and protection from abuse.



Based on these findings, the analysis provides recommendations to improve human trafficking prevention, strengthen victim identification processes, and support Ukrainian refugees who may be at risk of exploitation.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12183310/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16695554602241-1-1024x446.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1677" width="295" height="128" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12183310/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16695554602241-1-1024x446.png 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12183310/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16695554602241-1-300x131.png 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12183310/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16695554602241-1-768x334.png 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12183310/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16695554602241-1-1536x669.png 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12183310/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16695554602241-1-2048x892.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 295px) 100vw, 295px" /></figure>



The full analysis can be accessed<a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/19193707/Ukraine_Refugees_Trafficking_Risk_Analysis_2022.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> here</a>.

Attorney Natasha Dobreva successfully won a case against the Commission for Anti-Corruption and Illegal Assets Forfeiture (CACIAF), gaining access to information related to a human trafficking investigation. CACIAF’s primary responsibility is to investigate illegally acquired assets when an individual is charged with crimes under Articles 159a–159g of the Penal Code related to human trafficking. Such investigations are initiated upon notification from the lead prosecutor, who provides information on the suspect’s assets if available.



This was the case with a former mayor of Tazha, Stara Zagora, who was indicted on April 28, 2018, for leading an organized crime group engaged in trafficking women for sexual exploitation. The criminal case indicated that on May 30, 2018, the Specialized Prosecutor’s Office had notified CACIAF of the charges, but there has been no public information regarding whether an investigation was launched or how it concluded.



In November 2021, attorney Natasha Dobreva submitted a request to CACIAF for access to materials from the investigation, under the Law on Advocacy. These materials were critical for a civil compensation case filed against the former mayor by one of the trafficking survivors, who claimed that he had unlawfully enriched himself through exploitative practices involving her. Access to the CACIAF report would help demonstrate discrepancies in the mayor’s assets, supporting the case for unlawful enrichment.



When CACIAF failed to respond, Dobreva appealed, and on November 3, 2022, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in her favor:



“The applicant has a legal interest in obtaining the documents requested… The right of an attorney to access case files is a fundamental aspect of legal defense, guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria.”



In this case, Natasha Dobreva was represented by attorney Diana Dragieva of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, an organization dedicated to victims’ rights and advocating for the right to information and legal protection.

As part of the project “Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria – Life Without Risk of Trafficking”, funded by the Active Citizens Fund, the Dignita Foundation created women’s circles providing a safe space for learning and support for Ukrainian refugee women. These circles aim to inform women about their rights, protect them from labor exploitation, and connect them with reputable employers offering safe work opportunities.



On December 4, 2022, in partnership with the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100081182178905" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Ukrainian Home” Association in Varna</a>, the Dignita team welcomed over 35 Ukrainian women, who participated in a one-day event focused on labor integration and protection from exploitation. Participants received guidance on how to search for work in Bulgaria, prepare their CVs, and learn about their labor rights and responsibilities. The event also covered potential risks of exploitation and trafficking and how the women can protect themselves.



In Varna, the women met with employers ready to open doors to them: Business Club “Mi Razom”, Natali Leather Design, and Beryozka Stores introduced their companies and shared available positions, offering real support for the labor integration of participants.



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On November 15, 2022, another women’s circle was held in Sofia at the Ukrainian <a href="https://www.facebook.com/EducationalHUBSofia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">educational center Освітній HUB</a>, organized in partnership with the Open Doors <a href="https://opendoors.center/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Situation Center</a>. Over 20 Ukrainian women attended, receiving expert assistance and guidance on labor integration and gaining direct access to employers in Sofia offering job opportunities for refugees: Telus International Bulgaria, Sofiyska Banitsa, Avanti Stores, and HIT Max Hypermarket.



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<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="569" data-id="1635" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12140827/20221115101209-1-1024x569.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1635" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12140827/20221115101209-1-1024x569.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12140827/20221115101209-1-300x167.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12140827/20221115101209-1-768x426.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12140827/20221115101209-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
</figure>



The project, <a href="https://www.activecitizensfund.bg/public/portfolios/proposal.cfm?id=79&amp;applicantLevelID=9216&amp;prID=123" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Ukrainian Women in Bulgaria – Life Without Risk of Trafficking”</a> (ACF/939), is funded by Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway through the Active Citizens Fund Bulgaria as part of the European Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12141425/active-citizens-fund-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1638" width="352" height="124" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12141425/active-citizens-fund-1.png 836w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12141425/active-citizens-fund-1-300x106.png 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12141425/active-citizens-fund-1-768x270.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px" /></figure>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
This publication was created with financial support from the Active Citizens Fund Bulgaria as part of the EEA Financial Mechanism. The responsibility for the content of publications related to project ACF/939 rests entirely with the Dignita Foundation, and under no circumstances can it be assumed that this publication reflects the official stance of the EEA Financial Mechanism and the Active Citizens Fund Bulgaria Operator.
</blockquote>

женски кръгове с бежанки

On August 11 and 12, 2022, two key events were held in Varna aimed at refugees in Varna, organized by the Dignita Foundation in partnership with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the Municipality of Varna through the Local Commission for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. This initiative seeks to raise awareness and support the prevention of human trafficking and gender-based violence among Ukrainian refugee women.



The first day of the program began with an information session for frontline volunteers working with Ukrainian refugees. During the training, participants learned about the basics of protection and prevention against human trafficking and how to recognize initial signs of trafficking. They also received practical guidance on how to refer affected individuals to appropriate assistance and support.



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-19 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" data-id="1611" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133628/20220812093505-1-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1611" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133628/20220812093505-1-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133628/20220812093505-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133628/20220812093505-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133628/20220812093505-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="613" data-id="1613" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133629/img-20a7e0873e3eeeab1bcb1c53e0b4b01f-v-16686797961691-1-1024x613.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1613" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133629/img-20a7e0873e3eeeab1bcb1c53e0b4b01f-v-16686797961691-1-1024x613.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133629/img-20a7e0873e3eeeab1bcb1c53e0b4b01f-v-16686797961691-1-300x180.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133629/img-20a7e0873e3eeeab1bcb1c53e0b4b01f-v-16686797961691-1-768x460.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133629/img-20a7e0873e3eeeab1bcb1c53e0b4b01f-v-16686797961691-1.jpg 1318w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
</figure>



A large portion of the Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria are women and children forced to live away from their families in a new, uncertain environment, making them vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation. The program focused on raising awareness of the risks related to exploitation and the importance of trust in institutions to provide effective support and safety.



On the second day of training in Varna, Dignita organized a special session for Ukrainian women, aimed at empowering and informing them on ways to recognize and prevent gender-based violence and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The topics of the training included:



<ul>
<li>The main forms of violence against women and initial warning signs;</li>



<li>Strategies for protection against gender-based violence and information on available support in Bulgaria;</li>



<li>Domestic violence and legal options for protection in the country;</li>



<li>Human trafficking for sexual exploitation – primary signs and recruitment methods.</li>
</ul>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133627/20220811145343-16686796318648-1-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1610" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133627/20220811145343-16686796318648-1-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133627/20220811145343-16686796318648-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133627/20220811145343-16686796318648-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133627/20220811145343-16686796318648-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


The sessions were led by experienced experts in victim protection who provided participants with practical advice and information on their rights and protection mechanisms in Bulgaria.



These training sessions were made possible with the generous support of the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bulgaria.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133704/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16686800124497-1-1024x446.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1614" width="280" height="121" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133704/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16686800124497-1-1024x446.png 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133704/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16686800124497-1-300x131.png 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133704/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16686800124497-1-768x334.png 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133704/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16686800124497-1-1536x669.png 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12133704/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-16686800124497-1-2048x892.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px" /></figure>

среща във Варна с бежанци от украйна

On July 19, 2022, the Dignita Foundation held another women’s circle at the <a href="https://opendoors.center/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Open Doors”</a> Situation Center in Sofia, focused on preventing labor exploitation and empowering Ukrainian refugee women in Bulgaria. The event provided participants with valuable information on Bulgarian labor law, government actions related to labor market integration, and available employment opportunities. The women were also informed on recognizing risks of human trafficking and exploitation, how to report them, and where to seek help if needed.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095725/a-24-20220719111314-2-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1596" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095725/a-24-20220719111314-2-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095725/a-24-20220719111314-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095725/a-24-20220719111314-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095725/a-24-20220719111314-2.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


For the first time, three major employers in Sofia joined Dignita’s initiative by offering concrete job opportunities. Representatives from HIT Max Hypermarket, Telus International Bulgaria, and Avanti Stores personally met with refugees to present their companies and available positions. They answered questions and scheduled interviews, offering the women a chance to start a new professional path in Bulgaria.



The event sessions included an overview of worker rights, guidance on how to find legitimate employment, and tips on interview preparation. Organizers emphasized that knowing their labor rights and securing legal employment are the best forms of protection against exploitation and human trafficking.



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-21 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" data-id="1592" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719105439-16625568900154-1-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1592" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719105439-16625568900154-1-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719105439-16625568900154-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719105439-16625568900154-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719105439-16625568900154-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" data-id="1593" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719124050-16625569558175-1-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1593" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719124050-16625569558175-1-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719124050-16625569558175-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719124050-16625569558175-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095451/20220719124050-16625569558175-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" data-id="1594" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095452/20220719132838-1-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1594" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095452/20220719132838-1-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095452/20220719132838-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095452/20220719132838-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095452/20220719132838-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
</figure>



All materials from the women’s circle are available in Bulgarian and Russian and can be accessed <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1WncXpQ2e8D9__KH-iDLG1ZsHyKLw8m5S" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



This event in support of Ukrainian refugees was made possible with the support of the Embassy of France in Bulgaria.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="157" height="149" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12095734/logo-fr-embassy-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1597"/></figure>

Женски кръг среща в Отворени обятия с украински бежанки

On June 7 and 16, 2022, the Dignita Foundation held the first two empowerment circles for Ukrainian refugee women at the <a href="https://opendoors.center/">“Open Doors”</a> Situation Center in Sofia. Forty women fleeing the war in Ukraine met with leading experts who introduced them to employment opportunities in Bulgaria and the existing risks of human trafficking for labor exploitation.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004212/20220607112705-1-1024x575.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1577" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004212/20220607112705-1-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004212/20220607112705-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004212/20220607112705-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004212/20220607112705-1.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



The sessions consisted of four panels, covering key aspects of the Ukrainian women’s integration into the Bulgarian labor market.



<ul>
<li>Panel 1: Career and Personal Development. This segment began with an introduction and activities to build trust among participants. The women received valuable advice on preparing job applications in Bulgaria.</li>



<li>Panel 2: Employment Agency Services. Representatives from the Employment Agency presented current services available to Ukrainian refugees to facilitate their access to the labor market.</li>



<li>Panel 3: Labor Law. Labor law experts explained the rights and obligations of employees and employers in Bulgaria.</li>



<li>Panel 4: Risks of Labor Exploitation. Dignita provided detailed information on the potential dangers and risks of human trafficking for labor exploitation that Ukrainian women may face during the integration process.</li>
</ul>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="459" height="352" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004227/received2161238837368520-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1578" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004227/received2161238837368520-1.jpg 459w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12004227/received2161238837368520-1-300x230.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px" /></figure></div>


All materials from the empowerment circles are available in Bulgarian and Russian <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1WncXpQ2e8D9__KH-iDLG1ZsHyKLw8m5S">here</a>.



As a result of these empowerment circles, Dignita prepared an analytical report that systematizes the information from these sessions, providing a foundation for future activities supporting Ukrainian refugee women. This report aims to improve the relevance and effectiveness of support activities. The report is available<a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/19191814/Women_Circles_Integration_Trafficking_Prevention_BG_2022.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> here</a>.



The project, “Women Among Ukrainian Refugees: Preventing Human Trafficking,” is supported by the Bulgarian Fund for Women.

среща с украински бежанки

On May 17, Bulgaria’s Constitutional Court unanimously agreed to review the request of the Prosecutor General to determine the constitutionality of Article 329, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Penal Code (effective since May 1, 1968). Discrepancies in the application of this article have been identified, often disadvantaging victims of crimes, including human trafficking victims. Under the provisions of Article 329, the state treats victims of sexual exploitation as offenders rather than victims of crime, due to clauses relating to &#8220;parasitism&#8221; or &#8220;idleness.&#8221;



This approach has multiple negative consequences for vulnerable individuals. Traffickers often keep victims under control by instilling the belief that government institutions are not on their side. This judicial practice reinforces these threats, making traffickers more effective in controlling victims. As a result, victims lose trust in the judicial system and government institutions and are discouraged from participating in legal proceedings against their traffickers, further entrenching their dependency.



Additionally, the earnings that victims generate under coercion are often not returned as compensation but are instead considered subject to state confiscation. The removal of Article 329 from the Penal Code is therefore viewed as a vital step in securing the rights of trafficking victims and restoring their trust in the justice system.



In his request, the Prosecutor General emphasized that &#8220;under the provisions of the Penal Code, extremely vulnerable members of society are targeted. By prosecuting and punishing these individuals, the law ultimately eases the penal burden on those exploiting them.&#8221; This approach not only hampers criminal proceedings but also undermines efforts to provide legal protection in line with the Anti-Trafficking Law and the Law on the Protection of Threatened Persons in Criminal Proceedings.



Repealing Article 329 would also facilitate claims for damages by trafficking victims and empower them to testify freely. Currently, the Dignita Foundation is providing legal assistance to a trafficking victim (D.K.) who has filed a case before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) for compensation, which was denied on the grounds that her earnings from sex work were &#8220;immoral&#8221; and therefore not legally claimable. In <a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-210388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">case no. 36037/17</a> filed with the ECHR, D.K. argues that Bulgarian law and judicial practices prevent her from obtaining full redress for damages caused by trafficking. During her nine-month period of exploitation, she lost earnings amounting to 22,500 BGN, taken by the trafficker, but both Bulgarian courts denied her claim, citing Article 329, Paragraph 2, which states:



&#8220;An adult able-bodied person who, over a prolonged period, does not engage in socially beneficial work, while receiving unearned income in an unlawful or immoral manner, shall be penalized…”



The Expert Group on Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) with the Council of Europe also took part in D.K.&#8217;s case as a third party. GRETA’s statement references international and European standards for compensation for property damage resulting from trafficking, providing examples from other European countries’ case law.



The outcome of the ECHR case is critical for victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. A favorable decision for D.K., combined with the potential repeal of the outdated Article 329, would represent a significant step toward ensuring the rights and protection of highly vulnerable groups. This would benefit both independent sex workers who face social exclusion and marginalization, as well as trafficking victims who wish to break free and testify against their traffickers.

конституционен съд на българия

The war in Ukraine poses significant security and safety risks for those fleeing to the EU and neighboring non-EU countries. Human trafficking among Ukrainian refugees is a serious threat that begins in Ukraine and extends beyond the borders of neighboring EU member states and Moldova. To protect people escaping the war, the EU Solidarity Platform introduced a specially designed Anti-Trafficking Plan on May 11, 2022. The plan addresses trafficking risks and provides support to potential victims.



The Anti-Trafficking Plan is based on the EU Strategy on Combating Human Trafficking and follows the EU Anti-Trafficking Directive. The plan is organized around five primary goals:



<ul>
<li>Raising awareness of trafficking risks and establishing dedicated helplines</li>



<li>Strengthening prevention efforts against human trafficking</li>



<li>Enhancing law enforcement and judicial response to human trafficking</li>



<li>Improving early identification, support, and protection of trafficking victims</li>



<li>Addressing trafficking risks in non-EU countries, particularly Ukraine and Moldova</li>
</ul>



These goals will be pursued through EU-level actions and specific recommendations for member states. Some of the key recommendations relevant to Dignita Foundation&#8217;s work in Bulgaria on prevention and anti-trafficking for Ukrainian refugees include:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Raising awareness of human trafficking risks:</h4>



<ul>
<li>Providing centralized and accessible official information about trafficking risks, including online, in languages that refugees from Ukraine understand (e.g., Ukrainian, Russian, or English), with tailored materials for unaccompanied and separated children.</li>



<li>Distributing information widely at border checkpoints, on rail and bus routes, in train stations, public transport hubs, airports, shelters, reception and registration centers, and via social media.</li>



<li>Informing refugees working in high-risk sectors about their labor rights under national and international law.</li>



<li>Developing awareness activities to address all forms of exploitation.</li>



<li>Involving civil society organizations and the private sector in all relevant awareness activities and measures.</li>
</ul>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Strengthening trafficking prevention:</h4>



<ul>
<li>Registering all individuals and organizations providing or intending to provide accommodation and transportation.</li>



<li>Conducting security checks on individuals and entities offering transportation or housing, and requiring a clean criminal record to perform such services where national laws permit.</li>



<li>Training helpline and registration center employees to recognize trafficking risks, identify potential victims, and direct them to appropriate protection and support.</li>



<li>Enhancing the capacity of all relevant stakeholders to monitor and reduce the demand for services provided by trafficking victims, including internet monitoring.</li>



<li>Developing prevention and awareness measures in cooperation with the private sector, particularly high-risk employers and online platforms.</li>



<li>Registering unaccompanied and separated children upon entry into the EU and ensuring that their whereabouts are known until they reach their destination country.</li>
</ul>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Improving early identification, support, and protection of trafficking victims:</h4>



<ul>
<li>Ensuring mechanisms for early identification and referral of victims to support and assistance, including national referral mechanisms.</li>



<li>Conducting gender-sensitive training for frontline practitioners likely to encounter victims or potential victims of trafficking, including training on children’s specific needs.</li>



<li>Providing appropriate information on available services and victims’ rights, taking into account their gender and age-specific needs.</li>



<li>Offering long-term support for victims’ recovery and reintegration, in close cooperation with civil society organizations.</li>



<li>Ensuring domestic and cross-border cooperation between agencies responsible for asylum and temporary protection procedures, border guards, law enforcement, and judicial bodies.</li>
</ul>



Currently, the Dignita Foundation is actively working with Ukrainian refugees to empower them and prevent human trafficking among Ukrainian refugees for labor and sexual exploitation. Dignita also trains frontline professionals and volunteers on early identification and trafficking prevention.



You can find the full Anti-Trafficking Plan <a href="https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/anti-trafficking-plan-protect-people-fleeing-war-ukraine-2022-05-11_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.

The Sofia District Court has ruled against awarding compensation for damages from human trafficking to a woman who filed a lawsuit against the leader of an organized human trafficking group. The case was brought by the victim, who provided sexual services in a nightclub in Sofia, with the goal of securing compensation for the harm she suffered. The leader of the group and eight of his accomplices were found guilty of trafficking and sexually exploiting the plaintiff and other women, yet the court ruled that she could not receive compensation.



The court’s decision was based on two main arguments. First, it noted that the woman had actively sought this type of work and agreed voluntarily to provide sexual services for payment, concluding that she cannot claim emotional distress or suffering related to her activity.



The second argument rested on moral grounds. The court cited an outdated provision from Bulgaria’s 1968 Penal Code, which limits the right of able-bodied persons to earn an income by “immoral means.” Although providing sexual services is not explicitly criminalized, the court determined that such work is immoral. Consequently, it denied the plaintiff’s right to seek recovery of earnings withheld by the criminal group. Specifically, this group had retained 50% of the client payments, yet the court ruled she has no right to demand restitution for this portion.



Dissatisfied with the court’s reasoning and its reliance on outdated moral assumptions, the woman filed an appeal with the Sofia City Court, hoping for a different outcome at the appellate level. She calls for the court to explain why her work is seen as “immoral” and to consider not only the providers but also the users of sex services in this moral judgment. She argues that such a presumption is inappropriate in a modern society that should protect trafficking victims.



The woman is represented by attorney Natasha Dobreva from the Dignita Foundation. Dignita emphasizes that the 2013 draft of Bulgaria’s new Penal Code excludes such “crimes against morality” as no longer relevant.

An empty courtroom with chairs and a deserted judge's table.

The Dignita Foundation has published a report on sex workers&#8217; risk of trafficking in Bulgaria, focusing on the challenges in identifying women who are victims. Prepared under the “My Body – My Rights” project, supported by the Bulgarian Fund for Women, the report outlines key risk factors and specific needs of women engaged in sex work. It highlights the urgent need for dedicated support and protective measures to aid this vulnerable group.



Based on discussions and interviews with 17 women from various segments of the sex industry in Vratsa, Montana, and Sofia, the report highlights that the lack of targeted prevention efforts and negative societal attitudes hinder the identification of women trapped in trafficking for sexual exploitation. Often, these women are enticed by traffickers promising higher income in the country or abroad, with pimps exploiting their dependency, poverty, and urgent need for funds.



The report is organized according to different segments of the sex services market, focusing on street and club-based prostitution. Findings show that, although some women report different forms of violence, they rarely perceive themselves as victims of exploitation. The strong bonds with their pimps and emotional attachment—often combined with a history of violence from an early age—lead to the normalization of violence as part of their daily life.



According to the analysis, women who provide sexual services are easy targets for traffickers, especially in the street prostitution segment, where they often work under the supervision of pimps. In the other segment—club-based prostitution—women work as dancers and often rely on clubs to provide security, though they still face various forms of risk and coercion. Regardless of the segment, these women need legal and social assistance, as well as psycho-social support, to break free from the vicious cycle of exploitation and violence.



The report emphasizes the importance of public debate on prostitution issues and suggests exploring potential models for protecting sex workers in Bulgaria. This could include support for women and sanctions for users of sex services, following the example of contemporary European protection models.



You can access Dignita’s full report <a href="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/19085556/Po_Putya_Predizvikatelstva_Identifikatsiya_Jeni_Trafik_Seks_Rabotnichki.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.

The Dignita Foundation recently conducted a field initiative in Northwestern Bulgaria aimed at preventing trafficking and exploitation among women providing sex services in vulnerable conditions. The project, funded by the Bulgarian Fund for Women, seeks to inform at-risk groups about the dangers of trafficking and exploitation, providing them with support and information on alternative opportunities.



In Bulgaria, the sex services market is divided into three main segments, each with specific clientele, service locations, and price ranges. The lowest segment includes sex services offered in open public areas such as roads, highways, bus stations, bridges, and streets near the city center.



As part of the project, Dignita’s team held discussions with women working in this vulnerable segment in Vratsa, Montana, along the road between the two cities, and on Botevgrad Highway near Sofia&#8217;s outskirts. Many of the women the team met have children and engage in sex work to provide income for their families. Men often stay with the children but use the earned money for alcohol or gambling, while in many cases, they also act as pimps. Most of these women have been subjected to violence, rape, and sexual exploitation since childhood, and now perceive violence as a normal part of life. Additionally, they are frequently arrested for obstructing traffic or causing road hazards. Many of the women expressed a desire to leave this work, but the financial need to support their families and children keeps them involved.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="960" height="720" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11225232/a-15-new-microsoft-powerpoint-presentation-autosaved-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1538" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11225232/a-15-new-microsoft-powerpoint-presentation-autosaved-1.jpg 960w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11225232/a-15-new-microsoft-powerpoint-presentation-autosaved-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11225232/a-15-new-microsoft-powerpoint-presentation-autosaved-1-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /></figure>



Some of the women shared that they had previously been subjected to sexual exploitation abroad, where they worked for pimps who took most of their income. They returned to Bulgaria due to the COVID-19 crisis, which significantly reduced the demand for sex services, with some believing that they would have lower expenses here and the opportunity to work independently.



This initiative is part of Dignita’s broader efforts to prevent trafficking and exploitation by providing information and support to women at risk, helping them find alternative solutions for sustainable livelihoods and resilience.

Работа на терен за превенция на трафик на хора сред секс работнички

At the invitation of the French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Ms. Kamelia Dimitrova, founder of the Dignita Foundation, participated in the “<a href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/the-ministry-and-its-network/future-leaders-invitation-programme-pipa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Future Leaders Invitation Program.</a>” The program, led by the Center for Strategy, Analysis, and Policy Planning in Paris, aims to facilitate the exchange of expertise and build partnerships for the international fight against human trafficking and gender-based violence. Each year, the program brings together over 75 young leaders from around the world to discuss issues related to global security and human rights.



Ms. Dimitrova spent a week in France, visiting Paris and Strasbourg from February 7-11, 2022. During this time, she met with over 20 representatives from French institutions and NGOs working in victim protection and combating organized crime. In Paris, she held key meetings with state officials and leading experts who play significant roles in national strategies against human trafficking.



Commissioner Elvire Arrighi, head of the Central Office for the Eradication of Human Trafficking, outlined the main trends related to trafficking in France. Commissioner Arrighi noted that much of street prostitution in France has shifted online. She presented <a href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000032396046/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Law No. 2016-444 of April 13, 2016</a>, which criminalizes the purchase of sexual services while supporting those who wish to exit prostitution. This legal reform empowers individuals by decriminalizing prostitution and offering options for social reintegration through temporary residency permits for third-country nationals, training, employment opportunities, and financial assistance. Commissioner Arrighi emphasized the ongoing change in societal and law enforcement attitudes towards individuals involved in prostitution.



Ms. Dimitrova also met with Ms. Elisabeth Moiron-Braud, Secretary General of the Interministerial Mission for the Protection of Women and the Fight Against Human Trafficking, who introduced France&#8217;s second National Plan to Combat Human Trafficking. This plan ensures coordination between state institutions and NGOs to unify efforts for victim protection and support.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture1-16450208081048-1-706x1024.jpg" alt="Ms. Elisabeth Moiron-Braud, Secretary General of the Interministerial Mission for the Protection of Women and the Fight Against Human Trafficking" class="wp-image-1525" width="338" height="490" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture1-16450208081048-1-706x1024.jpg 706w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture1-16450208081048-1-207x300.jpg 207w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture1-16450208081048-1.jpg 758w" sizes="(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px" /></figure></div>


Ms. Dimitrova discussed the potential application of the Franco-Swedish model for combating trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in Bulgaria with Ambassador Jean-Claude Brunet, France’s Special Representative for the Fight Against Organized Crime. She also met with Ambassador Delphine Borione, Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations, who presented the mission of France&#8217;s Special Ambassador on Human Rights.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="903" height="522" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture2-16450207416991-1.jpg" alt="Meeting with Ambassador Jean-Claude Brunet" class="wp-image-1526" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture2-16450207416991-1.jpg 903w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture2-16450207416991-1-300x173.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190123/picture2-16450207416991-1-768x444.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px" /></figure></div>


Ms. Dimitrova held further meetings with representatives of associations and NGOs supporting victims of sexual and labor exploitation. These discussions included specific trends and cases involving Bulgarian nationals who are victims of trafficking, as well as opportunities for collaboration between Dignita and French NGOs to support affected individuals. The discussions also addressed the impact of the 2016 law on women involved in prostitution in France, who are often victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="903" height="681" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/picture3-1645020774092-1.jpg" alt="meeting with civil sector France" class="wp-image-1527" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/picture3-1645020774092-1.jpg 903w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/picture3-1645020774092-1-300x226.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/picture3-1645020774092-1-768x579.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px" /></figure></div>


In Strasbourg, Ms. Dimitrova met with representatives of the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights. In a meeting with Ambassador Christian Meuli, Chair of the Committee of the Parties to the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings and Swiss Representative to the Council of Europe, they discussed the recommendations to Bulgaria for fulfilling its commitments under the Convention and Dignita&#8217;s role in supporting vulnerable groups. Ms. Dimitrova highlighted the foundation’s efforts to provide legal assistance to victims and the importance of Switzerland&#8217;s contributions to countering human trafficking and supporting victims in Bulgaria from 2015-2020.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/strasbourg-1-1024x576.jpg" alt="Meeting Counsel of Europe" class="wp-image-1528" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/strasbourg-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/strasbourg-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/strasbourg-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11190124/strasbourg-1.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


Additionally, she met with Bulgaria&#8217;s Ambassador to the Council of Europe, Maria Spassova, and the Ambassador of the European Delegation to the Council of Europe, Meglena Kuneva, with whom she discussed the importance of effective partnerships for sustainable success in the international fight against human trafficking.

Камелия Димитрова в Министерството на външните работи във Франция

The Dignita Foundation is providing legal assistance to D.K., a victim of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, to advocate for her rights before the <a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-210388">European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)</a>. The main issue in this case is whether the Bulgarian legal system allows for full compensation for material damages to trafficking victims when the income is derived from paid sexual services. In D.K.&#8217;s case, the national court rejected her compensation claim, citing provisions that consider earnings from &#8220;immoral activities&#8221; as ineligible for legal protection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">D.K.&#8217;s Story and the Process of Exploitation</h3>



D.K., a resident of a small village in Northwestern Bulgaria, suffers from bipolar disorder and lost her job after working as a seamstress. Seeking stability, she moved in with a man who initially provided her with shelter and financial support. Over time, he convinced her to offer sexual services so they could sustain themselves, managing and controlling all her income. Held in forced exploitation through threats and control over her personal documents, D.K. became a trafficking victim. After months of abuse, she managed to reach the police and escape the situation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Legal Challenges in the Bulgarian Court</h3>



Following her escape, D.K. filed for compensation in the Bulgarian court, claiming 8,000 BGN for non-material damages due to post-traumatic stress and 22,500 BGN for income lost during the nine-month period of exploitation. In 2017, the Bulgarian court sentenced the perpetrator to a 3-year suspended sentence and a fine of 4,000 BGN, requiring him to register as unemployed at the labor office. Compensation for non-material damages of 8,000 BGN was awarded.



However, the claim for material damages was rejected. The court cited Article 329, paragraph 2 of the Bulgarian Penal Code, which states that income from immoral activities does not qualify for legal protection. This provision, dating back to 1968, reflects societal views at that time towards income from paid sexual services.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appeal to the ECHR and D.K.&#8217;s Legal Advocacy</h3>



After exhausting all options for appeals within Bulgaria, D.K. filed a complaint with the ECHR, arguing that the Bulgarian legal framework and judicial practices fail to provide adequate protection for trafficking victims, especially when the income derives from sexual services. D.K. contends that Article 329, paragraph 2 of the Penal Code contradicts fundamental rights of trafficking victims, as its outdated provision hinders effective protection. The <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/anti-human-trafficking/greta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA)</a>, participating as a third party in the case, has also provided examples of international practice supporting the right of trafficking victims to claim lost earnings.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Bulgarian Government’s Response</h3>



In 2021, D.K.’s complaint was communicated to the Bulgarian government for a response. The government’s stance asserts that victims of trafficking are entitled to compensation for all damages, but not when trafficking involves sexual exploitation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Potential Significance of the ECHR Ruling</h3>



The outcome of the case at the ECHR could be crucial for the future of Bulgarian legislation concerning the protection of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. A positive ruling would require Bulgaria to reconsider Article 329, paragraph 2 of the Penal Code in alignment with international human rights standards. This could result in the repeal of outdated provisions that prevent trafficking victims from claiming lost income, thereby supporting efforts for their protection and reintegration.



For more information, visit the <a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-210388">official ECHR website</a>. D.K. is represented by attorney Natasha Dobreva, with legal assistance funded by the <a href="https://bgfundforwomen.org/">Bulgarian Fund for Women</a>.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11181847/logo_web_news_en_11-825x380-1.jpg" alt="Bulgarian woman fund" class="wp-image-1512" width="265" height="122" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11181847/logo_web_news_en_11-825x380-1.jpg 825w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11181847/logo_web_news_en_11-825x380-1-300x138.jpg 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11181847/logo_web_news_en_11-825x380-1-768x354.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 265px) 100vw, 265px" /></figure>

Европейски съд за правата на човека

Dignita Foundation has launched a program for the prevention of human trafficking among sex workers in Bulgaria. The initiative targets women who provide sexual services for payment and are particularly vulnerable to trafficking for sexual exploitation. As part of the “My Body, My Rights” project, funded by the <a href="https://bgfundforwomen.org/bg/2021/07/16/finalisti-feminizam-v-deistvie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bulgarian Fund for Women</a>, Dignita’s team will hold meetings with women in north-west Bulgaria to inform them of their rights and help them recognize and avoid exploitation schemes.



Women who engage in paid sexual services often become targets of traffickers, who lure them with promises of high earnings and security if they agree to work for them. In other cases, they are forcibly compelled to work under a pimp’s control. Once caught in the trap of exploitation, traffickers take a large portion of their earnings, force them to work in unsafe and unhealthy conditions, and use psychological and physical violence to keep them in the exploitation scheme.



In Bulgaria, prostitution is not criminalized, but sex workers can still be penalized for earning income through activities deemed “immoral.” This legal gray area heightens their vulnerability, as pimps manipulate them with promises of protection from legal repercussions. Northwestern Bulgaria is the poorest region in the country, and many women from this area take up sex work as a temporary profession. However, it is often others who profit from their labor, not the women themselves.



Starting in September, Dignita’s team will work directly with groups of women in Vratsa, Vidin, and Sofia. The goal is to provide them with information on their rights, including access to the justice system, avenues to claim compensation, and other basic legal protections. These women will receive free consultations and legal representation if they find themselves in a human trafficking scheme. This initiative for the prevention of human trafficking among sex workers aims to support these women in escaping the trap of exploitation and safeguarding their rights.



As part of the initiative, Dignita will advocate for the W. v. Bulgaria case before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The main goal of this case is for the ECHR to require Bulgaria to remove administrative and criminal sanctions on sex workers, thereby ensuring their right to protection and access to their earned income. If the case is won, the decision will have national implications and may lead to real changes in protecting the rights of sex workers across the country.

Dignita Foundation, with support from the Embassies of France and the Netherlands, organized violence prevention training in the village of Galiche. This training was held in memory of Andrea, an 18-year-old girl from the village who was raped and killed by a fellow villager in early 2020. Twenty women from the village participated, gaining skills to recognize the signs of gender-based violence.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11142155/9img0158-667x1024.jpg" alt="Andrea memory" class="wp-image-1479" width="282" height="433" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11142155/9img0158-667x1024.jpg 667w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11142155/9img0158-195x300.jpg 195w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11142155/9img0158-768x1180.jpg 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11142155/9img0158.jpg 787w" sizes="(max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px" /></figure></div>


&#8220;The pandemic has significantly increased cases of gender-based violence against women, as well as incidents of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, one of the most severe forms of gender-based violence. Yet in small communities, these issues remain taboo. For the sake of women affected or lost to gender-based violence, it’s essential to talk openly about this problem and face it&#8221; said Kameliya Dimitrova, Executive Director of Dignita Foundation.



&#8220;We are here to learn how to recognize potential perpetrators and react in time to offer help and support. People who witness violence need to take appropriate action because I get the impression that we often see the behavior of perpetrators as just a way of life, rather than the real problem it is&#8221; shared Evelina Dimitrova, co-organizer of the event.



&#8220;I learned that Galiche has a long history and that it likely dates back to the Stone Age… Later, as legend has it, Galiche was so well known that even Ottoman Empire representatives avoided spending the night here for fear of their safety. In recent times, however, Galiche has become associated with a traumatic story of violence against a young woman. This is why, along with our French colleagues, we supported Dignita&#8217;s initiative to empower the women of Galiche to recognize gender-based violence&#8221; said H.E. Bea Ten Tusscher, Ambassador of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to Bulgaria.



The participants were also greeted by H.E. Florence Robin, Ambassador of the French Republic in Bulgaria: &#8220;Who could have imagined a few decades ago the presence of two ambassadors — I emphasize, two female ambassadors — here in the village of Galiche? My presence here is not only symbolic but a testament to my strong commitment to the fight against all forms of violence against women. I know, unfortunately, that the Covid-19 crisis has had a very negative impact on women, and many suffered during this time. But I can echo the words of Ms. Regner, Chair of the European Parliament’s Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality: &#8216;Women not only can overcome any crisis, but they are also at the forefront of future policies. Let’s finally make the 21st century the century of women.&#8216;&#8221;



During the training, Ms. Anna Nikolova, a psychologist with extensive experience working with female survivors of violence, outlined the key behaviors of an abuser. &#8220;When a partner monitors and tries to control the woman, isolates her from friends and family, insults, and threatens her, this is often a precursor to physical violence&#8221; she explained. Ms. Nikolova highlighted the immediate steps a woman should take if she experiences physical violence from her partner. Attorney Natasha Dobreva, a criminal law specialist in victim advocacy, shared the legal mechanisms available for women seeking justice.



Ms. Dobreva also explained the legal protections available under the domestic violence laws. She noted that in Europe, one in three women has experienced some form of physical or sexual assault from the age of 15. &#8220;That&#8217;s why if you&#8217;ve been a victim of violence, you should not feel ashamed but should seek your rights&#8221; she added.



Ms. Kameliya Dimitrova further explained the mechanisms involved in one of the most severe forms of gender-based violence: human trafficking for sexual exploitation. &#8220;Ninety-seven percent of human trafficking victims for sexual exploitation are women.&#8221; She described the typical profile and behavior of traffickers, explaining the common recruitment process. &#8220;Traffickers first gain the victim&#8217;s trust through gifts and attention, often forming an intimate relationship. Then, they transport her across borders or to another location, where she is coerced into prostitution.&#8221; Ms. Dimitrova highlighted the warning signs that indicate a girl might be at risk of trafficking for sexual exploitation. Ms. Dobreva advised on steps to take if someone believes they or a loved one may be a victim and clarified the key rights available to trafficking survivors. The participants received a short training module that helps with early recognition of gender-based violence, detailing the primary protection mechanisms for women at risk.



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Following the training, a team of professionals from Dignita will continue working on specific cases of gender-based violence and provide consultations to participants regarding their individual situations.



This initiative is part of the “I Rise” project, Empowering Girls in Galiche to Recognize Gender-Based Violence, funded by the Embassies of the French Republic and the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bulgaria.

violence prevention Galiche village women sitting together

Dignita Foundation is leading a violence prevention training in the village of Galiche, aimed at empowering young girls and women to recognize and respond to gender-based violence and human trafficking risks. Through this program, participants will gain the tools they need to protect themselves and contribute to a safer community



The COVID-19 crisis has heightened the risk of gender-based violence, with the most vulnerable being girls and women from marginalized groups and ethnic minorities. According to <a href="https://www.corecommitments.unicef.org/kp/moving-beyond-the-numbers-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNICEF data</a>, one in three women worldwide has experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by another perpetrator. In most cases, this violence is committed by an intimate partner.



In Bulgaria, just in the first five months of 2021, six women were killed by their partner or spouse. Although there is no official statistic on domestic violence cases, NGOs working with victims report that cases of physical and verbal domestic violence have increased by 80% since the pandemic began. The most significant rise was recorded during the restrictive period from mid-March to mid-May last year.



One of the severe forms of gender-based violence against women is human trafficking for sexual exploitation. In Bulgaria, 87% of trafficking victims are women, and 95% of those trafficked for sexual exploitation are girls and women, often from small towns with high poverty, unemployment, and marginalized minority populations. The economic impact of the pandemic, along with rising domestic violence, has increased the risk of trafficking for sexual exploitation.



However, in small communities, topics such as &#8220;gender-based violence&#8221; and &#8220;human trafficking for sexual exploitation&#8221; are often taboo. Although these issues are rarely discussed, girls and women are not protected from these severe forms of violence.



Galiche is a small village in the Danubian Plain, with around 1,700 residents and a rich history filled with ancient tales and Thracian treasures that indicate the area was a crossroads in Roman times. However, its modern history is marked by one of the most severe cases of gender-based violence when a girl was raped and killed by a fellow villager in 2020. The shocking events, as well as the pandemic&#8217;s negative impact on gender-based violence, motivated Dignita Foundation to seek cooperation with local representatives to support girls and women in the area.



As part of an initiative funded by the French and Dutch Embassies in Bulgaria, Dignita Foundation aims to work with girls and young women from the Galiche community to help them recognize early signs of gender-based violence. Alongside informal youth leaders from the village, Dignita’s team will identify girls and women motivated to deepen their knowledge on gender-based violence and trafficking for sexual exploitation.



Through a “training of trainers” model, the project aims to empower young women and girls from vulnerable groups in Galiche to recognize gender-based violence, focusing on a specific form: human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Using specially developed training modules, the initiative seeks to educate trainers and equip them with the skills to recognize early signs of violence. It also prepares them to understand and utilize support mechanisms for girls and women who are victims of gender-based violence and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The project aims to build the knowledge and skills of girls and women in Galiche, empowering them to protect themselves and their relatives from potential violence and trafficking. The training will include 20 girls and women from Bulgarian and Roma backgrounds, aged 18-35, residing in the village of Galiche.



Following the training, Dignita will continue working with the girls and women in Galiche, addressing and consulting on specific cases related to gender-based violence and trafficking for sexual exploitation. The planned consultations aim to support individual cases of gender-based violence through highly qualified social, psychological, and legal assistance. As part of the project, a short documentary video will be created to showcase the training and highlight the potential of young girls and women to resist gender-based violence.



The project, with a budget of 12,801 BGN, is carried out with the financial support of the Embassy of the French Republic in Bulgaria and the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bulgaria.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11113006/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-1024x446.png" alt="Kingdom of Netherlands logo" class="wp-image-1456" width="340" height="147" srcset="https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11113006/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-1024x446.png 1024w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11113006/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-300x131.png 300w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11113006/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-768x334.png 768w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11113006/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-1536x669.png 1536w, https://d2n14n6fbtpdpz.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/11113006/roknlogo2rgbpos-op-kleurxen-2048x892.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px" /></figure>



According to the 2011 Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, gender-based violence against women is considered a human rights violation and a form of discrimination against women. The term refers to all acts of violence based on gender that cause, or could cause, physical, sexual, psychological, or economic harm or suffering for women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, regardless of whether it occurs in public or private life.

The anticipated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the crime of human trafficking was discussed today with the Ambassador of the Swiss Confederation to Bulgaria, Muriel Berset Cohen.



The economic crisis and the expected rise in unemployment will force many people to take risks to secure their livelihoods, which could lead to trafficking and exploitation. During periods of quarantine and restrictive measures, strategies for recruiting and exploiting victims through the internet have become increasingly relevant. In addition, the increased online presence of children exposes them to risks of involvement in child pornography and sexual exploitation.



These are some of the challenges created by the crisis on a global scale. We agreed with Ambassador Muriel Berset Cohen that the social dimension of the crisis remains to be fully felt and measured. Topics of mutual interest include opportunities for private sector involvement in the reintegration of trafficking victims, as well as the implementation of policies and practices that protect workers&#8217; rights and prevent exploitation in supply chains.



Under the <a href="https://antitraffic.government.bg/en/projects/7-shveytsarsko-%E2%80%93-balgarsko-satrudnichestvo-za-identifikatsiya-i-dalgosrochno-podpomagane-na-detsa-i-vazrastni-zhertvi-na-trafik-na-hora" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bulgarian-Swiss Cooperation Program</a> for Combating Human Trafficking, implemented between 2015-2019, Switzerland supported Bulgaria&#8217;s efforts in countering human trafficking with 1,863,477 Swiss francs. This support focused on areas such as crime prevention, victim assistance, and improved cooperation between the two countries.

Камелия Димитрова и Мюриел Берсе Коен

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on Bulgarian society as a whole, but it has disproportionately affected vulnerable groups, deepening economic disparities and reducing the capacity of governments and civil society to provide support to those in need. Among these vulnerable groups are human trafficking victims and individuals with drug addictions.



The <a href="https://https//www.unido.org/stories/coronavirus-economic-impact-26-may-2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations</a> warns that the economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected economies across income levels. Economic crises invariably increase human trafficking rates, as traffickers exploit people who have lost their jobs and are more inclined to take risky migration opportunities. The COVID-19-related economic downturn has heightened the vulnerability of at-risk groups such as disadvantaged minorities, people living in poverty, and those without skills or qualifications. Simultaneously, <a href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/Advocacy-Section/HTMSS_Thematic_Brief_on_COVID-19.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNODC</a> (the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) has noted that quarantine measures can intensify the confinement of individuals already subjected to exploitation by limiting their opportunities for escape, reporting to authorities, or seeking help from institutions or organizations that provide essential services.



The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported an increase in fear, anxiety, and overall mental health deterioration due to the pandemic&#8217;s threat and mobility restrictions. WHO warns that these conditions could lead to increased alcohol and drug use as individuals struggle with the loss of jobs or loved ones. Drug use may rise further as people grapple with challenges exacerbated by the pandemic.



The pandemic has elevated both the risk of exploitation and drug use while simultaneously limiting the capacity of governments and civil society to assist those in need, including trafficking victims and individuals with substance dependencies. Social services supporting these groups have either ceased operations, as seen with the Pink House (the only center in Bulgaria offering support for people with drug dependencies), or suspended intake for a time, as with state shelters for trafficking victims and crisis centers for victims of domestic violence and human trafficking. Anticipated new pandemic waves will likely introduce additional challenges to providing support for trafficking victims and individuals struggling with addiction.



Although these two groups might appear distinct, significant overlap exists, intensifying their vulnerabilities. The Polaris Project reports that around 15% of trafficking survivors surveyed in 2014 admitted to substance use issues. According to the 2017 Federal Human Trafficking Report, traffickers exploited victims&#8217; substance abuse problems in one-third of active criminal sex trafficking cases in 2017. In a separate study, 84% of survivors of sexual exploitation trafficking reported substance use during their victimization, and 25% specifically acknowledged heroin use. While similar data for Bulgaria is lacking, discussions with Pink House clients reveal that many have experienced various forms of exploitation. Due to discrimination from employers, individuals with addictions are particularly susceptible to traffickers who exploit and fuel their dependencies.



Thus, the COVID-19 crisis has directly impacted drug users and trafficking victims and shaped their relationship with society. On one hand, the pandemic has provided traffickers with an increased pool of potential victims, including both drug users and trafficking victims. Unfortunately, as the illicit industry thrives, societal tolerance towards victims often wanes. This is particularly true for those struggling with addiction, as evidenced by recent public <a href="https://bntnews.bg/bg/a/mezhdu-nedovolstvoto-na-khorata-i-problema-na-narkozavisimite" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protests</a> against the opening of a treatment center for drug addicts in a Sofia neighborhood. Although human trafficking victims are protected under several international conventions, discrimination persists, particularly against those from marginalized minority groups.



In this context, there is a need for deeper understanding to assess COVID-19&#8217;s impact on these vulnerable groups and to identify overlaps, especially in Bulgaria. Such an analysis would aid in developing targeted prevention strategies and more effective support for trafficking victims, addressing their specific needs.

Man from the back in the subway. People in metro

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